{"id":49542,"date":"2022-12-02T10:54:04","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T10:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49542"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:36","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:36","slug":"disease-models-grapevine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-grapevine\/","title":{"rendered":"Hastal\u0131k modelleri - asma"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49542\" class=\"elementor elementor-49542\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-155396b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"155396b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fa5e63\" data-id=\"9fa5e63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db8300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8db8300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49545\" alt=\"Hastal\u0131k Modelleri - asma\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94cf8ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94cf8ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb4b0a7\" data-id=\"bb4b0a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb37e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2eb37e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Grapevine <\/b>hastal\u0131k modelleri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-567e0e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"567e0e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e5e5b67\" data-id=\"e5e5b67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53933d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c53933d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-grey-mould\">GR\u0130 KALIP -<\/br><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6e5772\" data-id=\"b6e5772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cffc89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cffc89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-anthracnose\">ANTHRACNOSE -<\/br><em>Elsinoe ampelina<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-508fc2f\" data-id=\"508fc2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb43d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fb43d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-black-rot\">ASMA KARA \u00c7\u00dcR\u00dcKL\u00dc\u011e\u00dc -<\/br><em>Guignardia bidwellii<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bcd99b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bcd99b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b49f1b\" data-id=\"1b49f1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c845e56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c845e56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-berry-moths\">ASMA MEYVESI G\u00dcVELERI -<\/br><em>Lobesia botrana<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-883020c\" data-id=\"883020c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f8dcc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f8dcc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#phomopsis\">PHOMOPSIS KAMI\u015e VE YAPRAK LEKESI-<\/br><em>Phomopsis viticola<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8123214\" data-id=\"8123214\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0065f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0065f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-downy-mildew\">DOWNY MILDEW -<\/br><em>Plasmopara viticola<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16daeb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16daeb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9b8669\" data-id=\"c9b8669\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e720c25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e720c25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-powdery-mildew\">K\u00dcLLEME -<\/br><em>Uncinula necator<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c51007\" data-id=\"3c51007\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91b699c\" data-id=\"91b699c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69250d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69250d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8763740\" data-id=\"8763740\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-069cebd elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"069cebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u00d6nerilen ekipman<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f7d524f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f7d524f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b87e1f8\" data-id=\"b87e1f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48af720 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48af720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e27f85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e27f85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-647e700\" data-id=\"647e700\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d846092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d846092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-downy-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6e7baf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6e7baf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00fcyl\u00fc K\u00fcf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c7cde6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c7cde6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62202\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62202\" style=\"width: 587px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62202 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"587\" height=\"495\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape.png 587w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape-14x12.png 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 587px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 587\/495;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62202\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Ash, G. (2000). \u00dcz\u00fcm\u00fcn t\u00fcyl\u00fc k\u00fcf\u00fc. Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 E\u011fitmeni.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>\u00dcz\u00fcmlerdeki T\u00fcyl\u00fc K\u00fcf i\u00e7in patojen <em>Plasmopara viticola<\/em>. Zorunlu bir parazittir, yani b\u00fcy\u00fcmek i\u00e7in ye\u015fil ve taze asma organlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Hem e\u015feysiz hem de e\u015feyli \u00fcreme a\u015famalar\u0131na sahiptir -zoosporlar ve oosporlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, enfeksiyonun iki a\u015famas\u0131 vard\u0131r: birincil ve ikincil enfeksiyon.<br \/>Birincil enfeksiyon, k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7iren oosporlar\u0131n \u00e7imlenmesiyle ba\u015flar ve ilkbaharda havalar \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sporangia olu\u015fturur. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 sporlanmay\u0131 engelledi\u011fi i\u00e7in sporangia geceleri \u00fcretilir. Kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 oosporlar patojenin zorlu k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda hayatta kalmas\u0131na ve birincil enfeksiyonu ba\u015flatmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Sporangia ya\u011fmur ya da r\u00fczgarla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve serbest suda zoosporlar\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131r. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir enfeksiyon i\u00e7in yeterince uzun yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ya\u011f\u0131\u015f gereklidir.<\/p><p>\u0130kincil enfeksiyon yaln\u0131zca olgun ya\u011f lekelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve zoosporlar ve sporangia taraf\u0131ndan meydana gelir. Zoosporlar ve sporangia d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck neme ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a hassast\u0131r, bu da canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131salt\u0131r, yani enfeksiyonun \u00e7o\u011fu sal\u0131mdan hemen sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Zoosporlar germ t\u00fcpleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bitki dokular\u0131na n\u00fcfuz eder ve daha fazla enfeksiyon i\u00e7in hifler geli\u015ftirir. Bu hifler, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 5 ila 21 g\u00fcn aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ink\u00fcbasyon s\u00fcresinin ard\u0131ndan ya\u011fl\u0131 lezyonlar olu\u015fturur - s\u0131cakl\u0131k ne kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse o kadar uzun s\u00fcrer.<\/p><p>Patojen i\u00e7in elveri\u015fsiz olan havalar tekrar so\u011fudu\u011funda, e\u015feyli \u00fcretime ge\u00e7erek oosporlar \u00fcretir. Bu oosporlar k\u0131\u015f boyunca uykuda kal\u0131r ve d\u00f6ng\u00fc tekrar eder.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62203\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62203 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms.png 640w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms-16x12.png 16w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 640px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 640\/480;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: https:\/\/www.agric.wa.gov.au\/table-grapes\/downy-mildew-grapevines<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Yapraklar\u0131n \u00fcst y\u00fczeyinde bazen kahverengimsi halelerle \u00e7evrili k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sar\u0131 lezyonlar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ya\u011f lekeleri olgunla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a geni\u015fler ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fir ve haleler kaybolur. Sporangia daha sonra lezyonlar\u0131n alt taraf\u0131nda beyaz pamuksu bir k\u00fcf \u00fcretir ve bunu nekroz izler. Ya\u011fl\u0131 kahverengi alanlar s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde, g\u00f6vdelerde ve meyvelerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. S\u0131cak ve nemli gecelerde, spor\u00fclasyon nedeniyle beyaz t\u00fcylerle kaplanabilirler. \u015eiddetli enfeksiyon erken d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye neden olur.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Modelleri<\/h3><ul><li>FieldClimate'de iki model vard\u0131r - birincil ve ikincil enfeksiyon.<\/li><li>\u0130lk grafik, bir enfeksiyon tamamland\u0131ktan sonraki kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresini g\u00f6stermektedir. Alttaki grafikler zay\u0131f, orta ve \u015fiddetli \u015fiddet seviyeleri i\u00e7in enfeksiyonun ilerleyi\u015fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Grafikteki artan e\u011fri 100%'ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir enfeksiyon oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r - ciddi bir enfeksiyon seviyesi g\u00f6sterilirse ila\u00e7lama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Birincil Enfeksiyon<\/strong><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62204 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1024x463.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1024x463.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-768x347.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1536x694.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy.png 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/463;\" \/><\/p><p>Birincil enfeksiyon, havan\u0131n sporangia geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. Yapraklar \u0131slak oldu\u011fu veya ya\u011fmur sonras\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131l nem 70%'nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece bu durum ge\u00e7erlidir. Sporangia s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 16 ila 24 saat i\u00e7inde geli\u015febilir. 5 mm'lik s\u00fcrekli bir ya\u011fmur, zoosporlar\u0131 yayabilecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olarak yorumlan\u0131r.<\/p><p><strong>\u0130kincil Enfeksiyon<\/strong><\/p><p><b><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62231 size-large aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1024x460.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"460\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1024x460.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-768x345.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1536x690.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection.png 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/460;\" \/><\/b><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p>S\u0131cakl\u0131k 12 \u00b0C'den daha s\u0131cak ve ba\u011f\u0131l nem 95%'nin \u00fczerindeyse ikincil enfeksiyon kontrol edilir. Sporangia \u00fcretim oran\u0131 23 \u00b0C'ye kadar olan s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda artar. Bu durum 50 \u00b0C'den fazla birikmi\u015f saatlik s\u0131cakl\u0131k i\u00e7in s\u00fcrerse, spor\u00fclasyonun bitti\u011fini ve ba\u011fda yeni sporangia bulundu\u011funu varsayar\u0131z. Biriken 50 \u00b0C, \u00f6rne\u011fin 13 \u00b0C ile 4 saate veya 17 \u00b0C ile 3 saate kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Hava \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve kurudu\u011funda sporangia h\u0131zla \u00f6l\u00fcr - ba\u011f\u0131l nem 50%'nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 0'a s\u0131f\u0131rlar\u0131z ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k 29 \u00b0C'yi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sporulasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015femez.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Ash, G. (2000). \u00dcz\u00fcm\u00fcn t\u00fcyl\u00fc k\u00fcf\u00fc. Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 E\u011fitmeni.<\/li><li>Gessler, C., Pertot, I., &amp; Perazzolli, M. (2011). Plasmopara viticola: asman\u0131n t\u00fcyl\u00fc k\u00fcf\u00fc ve etkili hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netimi hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50(1), 3-44.<\/li><li>Kennelly, M. M., Gadoury, D. M., Wilcox, W. F., Magarey, P. A., &amp; Seem, R. C. (2007). Asma t\u00fcyl\u00fc k\u00fcf patojeni Plasmopara viticola'da birincil enfeksiyon, lezyon \u00fcretkenli\u011fi ve sporangia'n\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131. Phytopathology, 97(4), 512-522.<\/li><li>Koledenkova, K., Esmaeel, Q., Jacquard, C., Nowak, J., Cl\u00e9ment, C., &amp; Ait Barka, E. (2022). Asma mildiy\u00f6s\u00fcne neden olan Plasmopara viticola: taksonomisinden hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netimine. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 889472.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b689e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b689e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b48a13\" data-id=\"5b48a13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d98b47 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d98b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9ae0e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c9ae0e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-99d66fc\" data-id=\"99d66fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f23d714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"f23d714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-powdery-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e1178c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e1178c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tozlu K\u00fcf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c5b554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c5b554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62209\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62209\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62209 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"590\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1.png 850w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-768x533.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 850px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 850\/590;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62209\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Pirrello, C., Mizzotti, C., Tomazetti, T. C., Colombo, M., Bettinelli, P., Prodorutti, D., ... &amp; Vezzulli, S. (2019). Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131kta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Ascomycetes: disiplinler aras\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 1394.)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>\u00dcz\u00fcmlerde k\u00fclleme hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n patojeni Uncinula necator'dur. \u0130ki ana inokulum kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r - k\u0131\u015flayan miselyum ve cleistothecia'dan gelen askosporlar - bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemi b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p><p>Miselyum ilkbaharda bayrak s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerine neden olur. Bayrak s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, gizli enfekte tomurcuklardan olu\u015fan k\u0131smen veya tamamen k\u00fcfle kapl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerdir. \u0130\u00e7inde koloniler olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler iyi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve genellikle deforme olmu\u015f yapraklara sahiptir.<\/p><p>Cleistothecia erken ilkbaharda askospor salg\u0131lar. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, askospor sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a, a\u00e7\u0131lma daha s\u0131k ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Askosporlar 12 saat i\u00e7inde \u00e7imlenir, bitki dokular\u0131nda germ t\u00fcpleri ve appressorium olu\u015fturarak da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k koloni olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p><p>\u0130kincil enfeksiyon kolonilerde \u00fcretilen konidiler yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. T\u0131pk\u0131 askosporlar gibi \u00e7imlenirler ve germ t\u00fcpleri ve appressorium geli\u015ftirirler. U. necator enfeksiyon i\u00e7in serbest suya ve konidi olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131l neme ihtiya\u00e7 duymaz. Hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 daha az elveri\u015fli hale geldi\u011finde, mantar cleistothecia olu\u015fturur. Ya cleistothecia i\u00e7inde hayatta kalarak ya da dormant enfekte tomurcuklarda vejetatif miselyum olarak k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir ve d\u00f6ng\u00fc tekrar eder.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62210\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62210\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62210 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery.png 640w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery-16x12.png 16w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 640px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 640\/480;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62210\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: https:\/\/agric.wa.gov.au\/n\/2449<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Belirtiler asman\u0131n t\u00fcm ye\u015fil k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bulunabilir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler koloniler geli\u015ftirir ve 'bayrak s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri' olarak bilinen beyaz grimsi miselyumla kaplan\u0131r. Bunlar \u00e7arp\u0131k yapraklar \u00fcretir. K\u00fcf kolonileri yapraklarda da bulunur - ya altta ya da her iki tarafta. Meyveler k\u00fcl grisi lekeler geli\u015ftirir ve ciddi vakalarda yar\u0131l\u0131r. Kam\u0131\u015flar koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-kahverengi lekeler g\u00f6sterir ve u\u00e7lar\u0131ndan geriye do\u011fru \u00f6lebilir.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Modelleri<\/h3><p><strong>Askospor Enfeksiyonu<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62211 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1024x435.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"435\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1024x435.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1536x652.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection.png 1553w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/435;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem<\/li><li>Yaprak Islakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p>Bu model, askosporlar so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde olu\u015ftu\u011funda (yani miselyumla enfeksiyon olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) \u00f6nerilir. Askospor enfeksiyonu, uzun yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k d\u00f6nemleri boyunca ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayal\u0131 olarak askospor sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve ilk enfeksiyonu tahmin eder. Hesaplama i\u00e7in, askosporlar\u0131n sal\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 mm ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan minimum 8 ila 12 saatlik yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 10 ila 15\u00b0C aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar gereklidir. Enfeksiyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftikten sonra, model hastal\u0131k riski de\u011ferlendirme a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7er (Kaliforniya Risk modeli) ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n patojenin \u00fcreme oran\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerine dayan\u0131r.<\/p><p><strong>Kaliforniya Risk Modeli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62212 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1024x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"231\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1024x231.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-768x173.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1536x346.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-18x4.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model.png 1557w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/231;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><\/ul><p>Model, Kaliforniya'daki laboratuvar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Askospor sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7imlenmenin (model) ard\u0131ndan, k\u00fclleme hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonraki geli\u015fimi ve \u00fcremesi s\u0131cakl\u0131klardan etkilenir. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirir ve 0 ila 100 puanl\u0131k bir endeks kullanarak k\u00fclleme geli\u015fimi riskini de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p><p>Risk de\u011ferlendirme endeksini ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in 21 ila 30'c aras\u0131nda en az alt\u0131 saat ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa sahip arka arkaya \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn gereklidir. 21 ila 32\u00b0C aras\u0131nda 6 veya daha fazla ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k saati kar\u015f\u0131layan her g\u00fcn i\u00e7in 20 puan kazan\u0131r ve bunu yapmayanlar i\u00e7in veya s\u0131cakl\u0131k 32\u00b0C'yi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya 21\u00b0C'nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 10 puan kaybeder.<\/p><p>0~30 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck indeks de\u011ferleri patojenin \u00fcremedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. 40~50 indeksi orta d\u00fczeyde kabul edilir ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir k\u00fclleme \u00fcreme h\u0131z\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. 60'\u0131n \u00fczerindeki indeks de\u011ferleri patojenin h\u0131zla (her 5 g\u00fcnde bir) \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir hastal\u0131k salg\u0131n\u0131 riskinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p><p><strong>Pessl Instruments Risk Modeli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-62213 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1024x233.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"233\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1024x233.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-768x175.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1536x350.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-18x4.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model.png 1555w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/233;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><\/ul><p>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da y\u00f6nlendirici bir fakt\u00f6r olabilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc uzun yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri antagonistik mantar\u0131n (Ampelomyces quisqualis) yerle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7arak U. necator'un azalmas\u0131na neden olur. Modelin temelleri Kaliforniya Risk modeline e\u015fde\u011ferdir ancak bu modelde yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 8 saatten uzun s\u00fcrmesi 10 puanl\u0131k bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>0~20 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck indeks de\u011ferleri patojenin \u00fcremedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ndeksin 20~60 aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 orta d\u00fczeyde kabul edilir ve normal bir ila\u00e7lama aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erlidir. 60'\u0131n \u00fczerindeki indeks de\u011ferleri patojenin h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (her 5 g\u00fcnde bir) ve bir hastal\u0131k salg\u0131n\u0131 riskinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir, bu nedenle p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Gadoury, D. M., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1990). Uncinula necator'da ascocarp dehiscence ve ascospore discharge. Phytopathology, 80(4), 393-401.<\/li><li>Gadoury, D. M., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1990). Askosporlar\u0131n \u00e7imlenmesi ve Vitis'in Uncinula necator taraf\u0131ndan enfeksiyonu. Phytopathology, 80(11), 1198-1203.<\/li><li>Hall, T. W. (2000). Willamette Vadisi'nde \u00fcz\u00fcm k\u00fcllemesi, Uncinula necator epidemiyolojisi.<\/li><li>Halleen, F., &amp; Holz, G. (2001). Asmada Uncinula Necator (K\u00fclleme) Biyolojisi, Epidemiyolojisi ve Kontrol\u00fcne Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f, Ref Ere Nee to South Africa. South african journal of Enology and Viticulture, 22(2), 111-121.<\/li><li>R\u00fcgner, A., Rumbolz, J., Huber, B., Bleyer, G., Gisi, U., Kassemeyer, H. H., &amp; Guggenheim, R. (2002). Uncinula necator'un k\u0131\u015flama yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu ve tarla ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda asma kolonizasyonu. Plant pathology, 51(3), 322-330.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a360749 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a360749\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ee364\" data-id=\"52ee364\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f3cfdd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1f3cfdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf80a32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf80a32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-186ec52\" data-id=\"186ec52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9d3a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"cc9d3a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-black-rot\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b369f2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b369f2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Siyah \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06c792f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06c792f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62174\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62174 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"583\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen.png 850w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 850px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 850\/583;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Szab\u00f3 ve di\u011ferleri<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Asman\u0131n kara \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Guignardia bidwellii mantar\u0131 neden olur. Mantar asman\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir ve enfekte olmu\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin lezyonlar\u0131nda iki y\u0131ldan fazla ya\u015fayabilir.<\/p><p>\u0130lkbaharda, piknidya konidya (e\u015feysiz sporlar) ve ps\u00f6dotesya askospor (e\u015feyli sporlar) \u00fcretir. Konidiler tipik olarak k\u0131sa mesafelere da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rken, askosporlar daha uzun mesafeleri enfekte edebilir. Bu sporlar r\u00fczgar ve ya\u011fmurla ta\u015f\u0131narak duyarl\u0131 konaklar\u0131n gen\u00e7 dokular\u0131n\u0131 enfekte eder ve birincil enfeksiyonlar\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r. Konidiler ayn\u0131 zamanda ikincil inokulum g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ve tekrarlanan yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p><p>A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda piknidyumlar, askosporlar \u00fcreten ps\u00f6dotesya \u00fcreten bir k\u0131\u015flama a\u015famas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu askosporlar bir sonraki ilkbaharda birincil enfeksiyonlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli kaynaklard\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62176\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62176\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62176 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-250x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"300\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots.jpg 600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 250px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 250\/300;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62176\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Missouri Botanik Bah\u00e7esi<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Sonunda birle\u015fen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi lekeler geli\u015fir, bunlar genellikle konidi \u00fcreten piknidya olarak bilinen mantar yap\u0131lar\u0131 olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck siyah noktalarla \u00e7evrilidir. Gen\u00e7 ve h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen yapraklar \u00f6zellikle bu enfeksiyona kar\u015f\u0131 daha hassast\u0131r.<\/p><p>Meyve enfeksiyonlar\u0131 tipik olarak kaliks d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u00e7o\u011fu semptom meyve yar\u0131dan neredeyse tam boyuta ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6sterir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, kahverengi bir halka ile \u00e7evrili k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck lekeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, bunlar daha sonra geni\u015fler ve koyula\u015f\u0131r, sonu\u00e7ta hastal\u0131k geli\u015ftik\u00e7e t\u00fcm meyveyi kaplar. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, enfekte olmu\u015f meyveler mumyala\u015fabilir, par\u00e7alanabilir veya erken d\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p><p>Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, g\u00f6vdeler ve dallar gibi di\u011fer bitki k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da etkilenir. Mordan siyaha kadar de\u011fi\u015fen oval \u015fekilli lezyonlar geli\u015fir ve bu lezyonlar\u0131n y\u00fczeyine piknidyumlar sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><strong>Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k Kara \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fck Modeli<\/strong><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62177 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1402\" height=\"794\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model.png 1402w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-1024x580.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-768x435.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-18x10.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1402px) 100vw, 1402px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1402px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1402\/794;\" \/><\/p><p>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p>Model orijinal olarak Spotts taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan literat\u00fcre dayanmaktad\u0131r ancak Daniel Molitor taraf\u0131ndan modifiye edilmi\u015ftir. Revizyon, elma kabu\u011fu modellerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fiddet s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (hafif, orta ve \u015fiddetli) getirmi\u015ftir. S\u0131cak s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda, 8 saatlik yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi enfeksiyonlar\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in yeterlidir ve bir grafik 100%'ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir enfeksiyonun tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>Enfeksiyonun \u015fiddeti, mantar\u0131n optimal s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u0131slakl\u0131k d\u00f6neminin s\u00fcresine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.  Spotts kriterlerini kar\u015f\u0131layan enfeksiyonlar hafif enfeksiyonlar olarak derecelendirilir. Spott kriterlerini 150% ve 200% ile kar\u015f\u0131layan enfeksiyonlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla orta ve \u015fiddetli enfeksiyonlar olarak derecelendirilir.<\/p><p>Enfeksiyon bask\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, enfeksiyonlar \u00f6nleyici olarak \u00f6rt\u00fclmeli veya enfeksiyondan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra iyile\u015ftirici bir sprey uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mosel'in \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 yar\u0131 kurak ikliminde veya Avusturya'n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinde, hafif bir enfeksiyon tespit edildikten sonra ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmez.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Wilcox, Wayne F. \"Siyah \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fck Guignardia bidwellii.\" Hastal\u0131k Tan\u0131mlama Sayfas\u0131 No. 102GFSG-D4. 2003. Cornell. 24 Ekim 2010<\/li><li>http:\/\/www.nysipm.cornell.edu\/factsheets\/grapes\/diseases\/grape_br.pdf<\/li><li>Ellis, Michael A. \"Fact sheet Agricultural and Natural Resources: \u00dcz\u00fcm Kara \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.\" Bitki Patolojisi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc. Ohio \u00dcniversitesi Devlet Uzant\u0131s\u0131. 2008<\/li><li>http:\/\/ohioline.osu.edu\/hyg-fact\/3000\/pdf\/HYG_3004_08.pdf<\/li><li>Molitor, D. (2009). Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Bek\u00e4mpfung der Schwarzf\u00e4ule (Guignardia bidwellii) an Weinreben. Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung der Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim.<\/li><li>Ries, S. M. (1999). Bitki Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Raporlar: \u00dcz\u00fcm Kara \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Illinois \u00dcniversitesi Entegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi. http:\/\/ipm. illinois. edu\/diseases\/series700\/rpd703.<\/li><li>Spotts, R. A. (1977). Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcm yapraklar\u0131nda Guignardia bidwellii'nin enfektivitesi \u00fczerine etkisi. Phytopathology, 67(11), 1378-1381.<\/li><li>Szab\u00f3, M., Csik\u00e1sz-Krizsics, A., Dula, T., Farkas, E., Roznik, D., Kozma, P., &amp; De\u00e1k, T. (2023). \u00dcz\u00fcm kara \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Guignardia bidwellii)-Kapsaml\u0131 bir genel bak\u0131\u015f. Horticulturae, 9(2), 130.<\/li><li>http:\/\/extension.cropsciences.illinois.edu\/fruitveg\/pdfs\/771-BlackRotOfGrape.pdf<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.missouribotanicalgarden.org\/gardens-gardening\/your-garden\/help-for-the-home-gardener\/advice-tips-resources\/insects-pests-and-problems\/diseases\/fruit-spots\/black-rot-of-grapes<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d2d675 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d2d675\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-924f587\" data-id=\"924f587\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb3bc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ecb3bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c69b29f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c69b29f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0895013\" data-id=\"0895013\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766af37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"766af37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-berry-moths\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23ff1eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"23ff1eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Berry g\u00fcveleri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7f309c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7f309c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62181\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62181\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62181 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-300x248.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-768x636.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/497;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62181\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: EPPO<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><em><br \/>Lobesia botrana<\/em> B\u00f6lgeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tipik olarak y\u0131lda iki ila \u00fc\u00e7 nesil tamamlar. \u0130lk nesil (May\u0131s ve Haziran) yaln\u0131zca \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri etkiler, bu nedenle tedavi yaln\u0131zca g\u00fcve pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksekse gereklidir. \u0130kinci nesil (Temmuz ve A\u011fustos) ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil en fazla zarara neden olur ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil \u00fcz\u00fcmlerin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na denk geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Daha s\u0131cak iklimlerde d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir, ancak \u00fcz\u00fcm hasad\u0131yla ayn\u0131 zamana denk geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in genellikle ila\u00e7lama gerekmez.<\/p><p>G\u00fcve k\u0131\u015f\u0131 koza i\u00e7inde pupa olarak ge\u00e7irir ve ilkbaharda s\u0131cakl\u0131klar y\u00fckseldi\u011finde ilk neslin yeti\u015fkinleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, erkekler tipik olarak di\u015filerden \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130lk neslin u\u00e7u\u015fu tomurcuk k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yak\u0131n ba\u015flar ve \u00e7iftle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi 4 ila 5 hafta s\u00fcrer. \u00c7iftle\u015fmeden bir ila iki g\u00fcn sonra di\u015filer 80 ila 160 aras\u0131nda yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00c7ap\u0131 0,6 ila 0,8 mm olan yumurtalar \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kremsi beyaz olan yumurtalar, embriyo geli\u015ftik\u00e7e sar\u0131ya d\u00f6ner ve larvan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 siyah renk al\u0131r. Yumurtalar 66 santigrat derece g\u00fcn (DDC), yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 ila 11 g\u00fcn sonra \u00e7atlar. Larvalar \u00e7i\u00e7ek par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flar ve geli\u015fim 20 ila 30 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer. Yavrulama bunu takip eder ve yeti\u015fkinler 6 ila 14 g\u00fcn sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p><p>'Derece g\u00fcn', g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fme i\u00e7in gerekli olan belirli bir temel e\u015fik s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erek hesaplan\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar taban s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k\u00e7a derece g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 da artar.<\/p><p>Yeti\u015fkin g\u00fcveler yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 ila 8 mm uzunlu\u011funda ve 11 ila 13 mm kanat a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u015filer erkeklerden biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, ancak her ikisinin de benzer mozaik desenli kanatlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesillerin yumurtalar\u0131 3 ila 5 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7atlar. Di\u015filer yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6lgeli meyvelerin \u00fczerine tek tek b\u0131rak\u0131r ve yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra larvalar meyvelerin i\u00e7ine girerek onlar\u0131 oyar. Sonbaharda, 11 saatten uzun geceler, pupalar\u0131n so\u011fu\u011fa daha iyi dayanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmelerine olanak tan\u0131yan bir dinlenme a\u015famas\u0131 olan diyapozu tetikler.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><p>\u0130lk neslin t\u0131rt\u0131llar\u0131 asman\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7ek salk\u0131m\u0131yla beslenir, \u00e7i\u00e7ek tomurcuklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ini oyar ve onlar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in d\u00f6nd\u00fcrerek salk\u0131m i\u00e7inde hasara yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130kinci nesilde larvalar, geli\u015fmekte olan meyveleri hedef al\u0131r ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi mantar patojenleri i\u00e7in giri\u015f noktalar\u0131 olu\u015fturur <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>. Bu do\u011frudan beslenme, tipik olarak beslenme alanlar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda koyu lekelerle i\u015faretlenen g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hasara neden olur. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil, larvalar olgunla\u015fan meyvelerin i\u00e7ine girip beslendi\u011finden en \u00f6nemli zarara neden olur.<\/p><p>Geriye buru\u015fmu\u015f meyveler ve larva d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131 kal\u0131r. Kuru, i\u00e7i bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f meyve \"kabu\u011fu\" ile birlikte meyve epidermal dokusunun par\u00e7alar\u0131 gev\u015fek bir \u015fekilde pedicellere ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><strong>Asma Dut G\u00fcvesi Modeli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62185 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"516\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model.png 1440w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-1024x367.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-18x6.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1440px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1440\/516;\" \/><\/p><p>Sens\u00f6r gerekli:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><\/ul><p>Model, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re riski hesaplar. \u0130lk grafik, b\u00f6cek i\u00e7in yumurtlama ve iyi yumurtlama faaliyetleri ile u\u00e7u\u015f faaliyeti d\u00f6nemlerini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130kinci grafik, d\u00f6nemde hangi neslin beklenmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grafikte, derece g\u00fcnlerinin birikimini g\u00f6steren iklim verileri g\u00f6sterilmektedir (saat ba\u015f\u0131na &gt; 8\u00b0C'den 24\u00b0C'ye kadar olan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 24'e b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi).<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Varela, L. G., Smith, R. J., Cooper, M. L., &amp; Hoenisch, R. W. (2010). Avrupa asma g\u00fcvesi, Lobesia botrana. Napa Vadisi \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131. Uygulama. Winery Vineyard, 2010, 1-5.<\/li><li>https:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/invasive-and-exotic-pests\/european-grapevine-moth\/<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.ages.at\/en\/plant\/plant-health\/pests-from-a-to-z\/grape-berry-moth<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a12612 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a12612\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebeafd9\" data-id=\"ebeafd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-076ec6c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"076ec6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-76d8c92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"76d8c92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0cc7248\" data-id=\"0cc7248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0798a8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0798a8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77a908f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77a908f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gri k\u00fcf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc27c19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc27c19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62159\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62159\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62159 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"514\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-768x658.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/514;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-pulses\/<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Asmada gri k\u00fcf patojeni <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>.<\/p><p>Gri k\u00fcf epidemiyolojisi, \u00e7i\u00e7ek enfeksiyonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan gizli enfeksiyonlardan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmektedir. \u00c7i\u00e7ekten meyveye giden \u00e7e\u015fitli yollar tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Fungus \u00e7i\u00e7ek sap\u0131n\u0131 enfekte eder ve ovule ula\u015f\u0131r, burada bitkinin \u00f6nceden olu\u015fturulmu\u015f savunma mekanizmas\u0131 nedeniyle latent kal\u0131r. Stamenler, ta\u00e7 yapraklar ve \u00e7anak yapraklar yoluyla enfeksiyonlar da kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. B. cinerea stamenleri enfekte edebilir ve sistematik olarak \u00e7anak yapraklara do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek meyvelerdeki pedisel ve vask\u00fcler dokulara yay\u0131labilir. Di\u011fer yollar da patojenin saprofitik b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini i\u00e7erir.<\/p><p>K\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7iren misel veya sklerotia ilkbaharda ba\u015fl\u0131ca enfeksiyon kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r. Konidiler (e\u015feysiz sporlar) \u00fcretilir ve r\u00fczgar ve ya\u011fmurla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Konidiler yere indiklerinde \u00e7imlenerek germ t\u00fcpleri ve bitkiye n\u00fcfuz edip onu enfekte eden appressoria olu\u015ftururlar. Fungus, meyve olgunla\u015fana ve \u015feker i\u00e7eri\u011fi artana kadar gizli kalabilir. Birincil inokulum kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen konidiler, g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7, \u00fcretim ve yay\u0131lma d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc izler.<\/p><p>B. cinerea'n\u0131n e\u015feysel a\u015famas\u0131 nadiren g\u00f6zlenirken, patojen meyveler olgunla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a daha aktif hale gelir. Meyvelerdeki artan \u015feker i\u00e7eri\u011fi enfeksiyona duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ya\u015fland\u0131klar\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a hassast\u0131r ve bol miktarda polen enfeksiyon \u015fiddetini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_53009\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-53009\" style=\"width: 208px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-53009 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-208x300.png\" alt=\"\u00dcz\u00fcmde gri k\u00fcf\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-8x12.png 8w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould.png 237w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 208px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 208\/300;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-53009\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-pulses\/<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Gri k\u00fcf \u00f6ncelikle olgun \u00fcz\u00fcm tanelerini enfekte eder, bunlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yumu\u015fak ve su ile \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Zamanla meyveler k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengiye d\u00f6ner ve b\u00fcz\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, gri mantar miselleri ve konidileri ile kaplan\u0131rlar. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 meyveler de hastal\u0131kl\u0131 olanlarla do\u011frudan temas yoluyla enfekte olabilir.<\/p><p>Mantar ayr\u0131ca sezonun ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilen bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da neden olabilir. Yaprak enfeksiyonlar\u0131 nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclse de, meydana geldiklerinde damarlar boyunca donuk ye\u015fil lekeler olarak ba\u015flar ve sonunda nekrotik lezyonlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><strong>Genel Gri Kal\u0131p Modeli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62160 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1452\" height=\"708\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model.png 1452w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-1024x499.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-768x374.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-18x9.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1452px) 100vw, 1452px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1452px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1452\/708;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><\/ul><p><em>B. cinerea<\/em> nemli iklimle ili\u015fkilidir. Fungus enfeksiyon i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131l nem veya serbest su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresinin uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cak d\u00f6nemler B. cinerea riskinin artmas\u0131na neden olurken kuru d\u00f6nemler riski azalt\u0131r. Enfeksiyon, uzun \u0131slak d\u00f6nemler veya zarar verici dolu f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda gen\u00e7 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p><p>Model, riski 0 ila 100% aras\u0131nda bir de\u011ferde hesaplar. Bu de\u011fer a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6sterir <em>B. cinerea<\/em> o s\u0131rada - 100% de\u011ferine sahipsek, bu, duyarl\u0131 dokuyu enfekte edecek kadar uzun bir \u0131slakl\u0131k d\u00f6neminin birka\u00e7 kez ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k aras\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta maksimum 38400 puanl\u0131k (30% riski g\u00f6steren sezon ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131) \"\u0131slak noktalar\" hesapl\u0131yoruz. Bu d\u00f6nemden sonra, yakla\u015f\u0131k 4000 \u0131slak noktal\u0131 her \u0131slak d\u00f6nem riski 10% art\u0131r\u0131r veya di\u011fer taraftan, her kuru d\u00f6nem riski \u00f6nceki de\u011ferin \u2155'i kadar azalt\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Broome, J. C., English, J. T., Marois, J. J., Latorre, B. A., &amp; Aviles, J. C. (1995). \u00dcz\u00fcmlerde Botrytis salk\u0131m \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 bir enfeksiyon modelinin geli\u015ftirilmesi. Phytopathology, 85(1), 97-102.<\/li><li>Elmer, P. A., &amp; Michailides, T. J. (2007). Meyve bah\u00e7esi ve asma bitkilerinde Botrytis cinerea epidemiyolojisi. Botrytis: biyoloji, patoloji ve kontrol i\u00e7inde (s. 243-272). Dordrecht: Springer Hollanda.<\/li><li>Williamson, B., Tudzynski, B., Tudzynski, P., &amp; Van Kan, J. A. (2007). Botrytis cinerea: gri k\u00fcf hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nedeni. Molek\u00fcler bitki patolojisi, 8(5), 561-580.<\/li><li>Ciliberti, N., Fermaud, M., Roudet, J., &amp; Rossi, V. (2015). \u00c7evresel ko\u015fullar, olgun \u00fcz\u00fcm tanelerinde Botrytis cinerea enfeksiyonunu su\u015f veya transpozon genotipinden daha fazla etkilemektedir. Phytopathology, 105(8), 1090-1096.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-089f3a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"089f3a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-09cec7f\" data-id=\"09cec7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ff096 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b0ff096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c545fa3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c545fa3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f0c9d8\" data-id=\"6f0c9d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"28276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-anthracnose\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4871b21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4871b21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antraknoz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f22d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f22d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Patojen<\/strong><\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62164\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62164\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62164 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1024x982.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"671\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1024x982.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-768x736.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1536x1473.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-13x12.jpg 13w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose.jpg 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/671;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62164\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Zhi ve di\u011ferleri<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Asmada antraknoza patojen neden olur <em>Elsinoe ampelina<\/em>.<\/p><p>Enfekte kam\u0131\u015flar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f boyunca lezyonlarda ve meyvelerde hayatta kalan sklerotia ve miseller ilkbaharda aktif hale gelir ve \u0131slak ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda (24 saat boyunca ya\u011fmur veya \u00e7i\u011f) 2~40\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda askospor (e\u015feyli sporlar) ve konidia (e\u015feysiz sporlar) \u00fcretir.<\/p><p>Bu sporlar ya\u011fmur s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 ve r\u00fczgarla yeni dokulara da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve bir kez yere indiklerinde \u00e7imlenerek germ t\u00fcpleri ve appressoria olu\u015fturarak yeni enfeksiyonu ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Yeni yapraklar\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, dallar\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 meyveleri enfekte edebilirler. S\u0131cak hava, ilk enfeksiyon ve kulu\u00e7ka d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in gereken \u0131slak s\u00fcreyi azalt\u0131r. Optimum spor \u00e7imlenmesi 25~30\u00b0C'de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve en az 3~4 saatlik yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki enfeksiyonlarda ink\u00fcbasyon s\u00fcresi yakla\u015f\u0131k 14 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Kolonizasyon ilerledik\u00e7e, akervuluslar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve ikincil enfeksiyon inokulumu olarak hizmet eden yeni konidiler \u00fcretilir. Sezon i\u00e7inde h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha fazla enfeksiyondan sorumludurlar.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><p><em>E. ampelina<\/em> S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, yapraklar, yaprak saplar\u0131, dallar, rachises ve meyveler dahil olmak \u00fczere asman\u0131n hava, etli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131r; s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ve meyvelerdeki lezyonlar en yayg\u0131n olan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcz\u00fcmlerin mantarlara kar\u015f\u0131 ontogenik direnci vard\u0131r, bu nedenle gen\u00e7 dokular daha hassast\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi lekeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalarda b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek, koyu bir kenarla \u00e7evrili gri bir merkezle hafif\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck hale gelir. Bazen belirtiler dolu yaralanmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Yapraklardaki nekrotik merkez genellikle d\u00fc\u015ferek bir \"delik\" g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>\u015eiddetli enfeksiyonda, bitkiler erken yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc, bodur kam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, g\u00f6vde k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, meyve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve meyvelerin gecikmi\u015f geli\u015fimi ve olgunla\u015fmas\u0131 sergileyebilir.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><b>Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k Antraknoz Modeli<\/b><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62165 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1363\" height=\"798\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1.png 1363w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-1024x600.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1363px) 100vw, 1363px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1363px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1363\/798;\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62166 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1444\" height=\"460\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2.png 1444w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-1024x326.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-768x245.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-18x6.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1444px) 100vw, 1444px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1444px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1444\/460;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p>Model, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131l nem, yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 dikkate alarak antraknoz riskini hesaplar.<\/p><p>Zay\u0131f, orta ve \u015fiddetli bir enfeksiyonun olas\u0131 geli\u015fimi ayr\u0131 grafiklerde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Artan e\u011fri 100%'ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir enfeksiyonun tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son grafik sporulasyonu g\u00f6stermektedir <em>E. ampelina<\/em>buradaki de\u011fer 100%'ye ula\u015f\u0131rsa, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sporlar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131r <em>E. ampelina<\/em> mevcut.<\/p><p>K\u0131\u015flayan sporlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar 2 ila 40\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 90%'nin \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131l nemi veya yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131d\u0131r. Spor geli\u015fimi 100%'ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda enfeksiyon hesaplanmaya ba\u015flar. Enfeksiyonun \u015fiddeti \u0131slak ko\u015fullara (ya\u011fmur olaylar\u0131) ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, nem 50%'nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse, hem spor geli\u015fimi hem de enfeksiyon hesaplanmay\u0131 durdurur.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>Li, Z., Dos Santos, R. F., Gao, L., Chang, P., &amp; Wang, X. (2021). Elsinoe ampelina'n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu asma antraknozunun mevcut durumu ve gelecekteki beklentileri: Nemli \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirme b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00f6nemli bir hastal\u0131k. Molek\u00fcler Bitki Patolojisi, 22(8), 899-910<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0073a18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0073a18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dec96e2\" data-id=\"dec96e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9982c88 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9982c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-974e96b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"974e96b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bfd2ab4\" data-id=\"bfd2ab4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494bdcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"494bdcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"phomopsis\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3834cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3834cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PHOMOPSIS KAMI\u015e VE YAPRAK LEKESI<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da51ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da51ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patojen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62193\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62193\" style=\"width: 713px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62193 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-1024x718.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"500\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-1024x718.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-768x539.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis.png 1031w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 713px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 713\/500;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62193\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaynak: Pscheidt ve ark.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Asmada Phomopsis kam\u0131\u015f ve yaprak lekesine \u015funlar neden olur <em>Phomopsis viticola<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mantar asman\u0131n odunsu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir ve bir sonraki baharda tekrar aktif hale gelir. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar y\u00fckseldi\u011finde ve bahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sporlar piknidya ad\u0131 verilen k\u0131\u015flama yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan sal\u0131n\u0131r. Sporlar ya\u011fmur ve r\u00fczgar yoluyla yeni dokulara da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a enfeksiyon yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>Birincil enfeksiyon d\u00f6nemi tipik olarak erken ilkbahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131na denk gelir ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler erken bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme a\u015famas\u0131 sergiledi\u011finde tomurcuk k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flar. Gen\u00e7 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn u\u00e7lar\u0131, meyve salk\u0131mlar\u0131 ve rachis enfeksiyona kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn u\u00e7lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme mevsimi boyunca enfekte olabilmesine ra\u011fmen, enfeksiyonlar en \u00e7ok tomurcuk k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00e7i\u00e7eklenmeye kadar yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Meyvelerde patojen, meyveler olgunla\u015fana kadar uykuda kalabilir. Kulu\u00e7ka d\u00f6nemi genellikle yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 ila 4 hafta s\u00fcrer.<\/p><h3>Semptomlar<\/h3><p>Yapraklarda ve yaprak saplar\u0131nda, sar\u0131 kenarlarla \u00e7evrili siyah merkezli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck koyu lekeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve sonunda birle\u015fir. Taban yapraklar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131k ve buru\u015fuk hale gelebilir ve tam boyutta geli\u015fmeyebilir. Yaprak saplar\u0131 yo\u011fun \u015fekilde enfekte oldu\u011funda sarar\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr, bu da yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Yapraklar, sporlardan kaynaklanan daha fazla enfeksiyonu azaltan bir \u015femsiye etkisi yarat\u0131r.<\/p><p>Benzer lekeler s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve epidermal tabakalar\u0131n enfeksiyon b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7atlamas\u0131na neden olur. Lekeler birle\u015ftik\u00e7e, enfekte olmu\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcn alanlar\u0131 kabuklu bir doku geli\u015ftirir. \u015eiddetli vakalarda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler bodurla\u015fabilir, k\u0131r\u0131labilir ve hatta \u00f6lebilir.<\/p><p>Rachis \u00fczerindeki lezyonlar \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan hale gelmesine neden olur. Yaz\u0131n bir uyku d\u00f6neminden sonra, mantar sonbahar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yeniden aktif hale gelerek meyve ve salk\u0131m \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yol a\u00e7ar. Meyve enfeksiyonlar\u0131 genel olarak yayg\u0131n olmasa da, meyveler \u00fczerinde lekeler olu\u015fur ve genellikle meyve kabu\u011funda siyah lekeler (piknidya) e\u015flik eder. Islak ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, sar\u0131 spor k\u00fctleleri piknididen s\u0131zarak meyvenin renginin solmas\u0131na, p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc dokuya ve mumyala\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p><p>Enfekte ah\u015fap, uyku mevsiminde a\u011farm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm g\u00f6sterir. Ciddi \u015fekilde enfekte olmu\u015f kam\u0131\u015flar ve mahmuzlar, kabukta a\u011farm\u0131\u015f alanlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k koyu renk de\u011fi\u015fimleri g\u00f6sterir. Pycinidia da y\u00fczeyden kopabilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, bozulmu\u015f floem ve ksilem fonksiyonu ile birlikte, kam\u0131\u015flar\u0131, mahmuzlar\u0131 ve tomurcuklar\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131r ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><strong>Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k Phomopsis Enfeksiyon Modeli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62194 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-1024x449.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"449\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-1024x449.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model.png 1381w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/449;\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62198 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-1024x320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-1024x320.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-300x94.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-768x240.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2.png 1458w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/320;\" \/><br \/>Sens\u00f6rlere ihtiya\u00e7 var:<\/p><ul><li>Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/li><li>Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f<\/li><\/ul><p>Model, 5 ila 35\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve \u0131slak ko\u015fullarda (yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131l nem) Phomopsis enfeksiyonu riskini belirler. Sporlar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bitki materyaline daha h\u0131zl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in enfeksiyonun \u015fiddeti ya\u011fmur miktar\u0131na (2 mm'den fazla) ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. 100% enfeksiyonu g\u00f6sterildi\u011finde, tarlada bitki dokusunu enfekte etmek i\u00e7in en uygun ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu nedenle bitki koruma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p><h3>Edebiyat<\/h3><ul><li>https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/biosecurity\/plant-diseases\/grapevine-diseases\/phomopsis-cane-and-leaf-spot-of-grapevines<\/li><li>Bettiga, L. J. (Ed.). (2013). \u00dcz\u00fcm zararl\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6netimi (Cilt 3343). UCANR Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/li><li>Pscheidt, J. W., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1991). Phomopsis kam\u0131\u015f ve yaprak lekesi.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c98355 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c98355\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1150ff\" data-id=\"d1150ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdbd3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"fdbd3aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8d19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8d19a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6nerilen ekipman<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c698a54 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c698a54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9782e79\" data-id=\"9782e79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0fca1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d0fca1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn potansiyel hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in hangi sens\u00f6r setinin gerekli oldu\u011funu kontrol edin.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-064d0f9\" data-id=\"064d0f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d3c26a elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0d3c26a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ELEKTRONIK TABLOYU INDIR<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grapevine disease models GREY MOULD &#8211;Botrytis cinerea ANTHRACNOSE &#8211;Elsinoe ampelina GRAPEVINE BLACK ROT &#8211;Guignardia bidwellii GRAPEVINE BERRY MOTHS &#8211;Lobesia botrana PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT-Phomopsis viticola DOWNY MILDEW &#8211;Plasmopara viticola POWDERY MILDEW &#8211;Uncinula necator Recommended equipment Downy Mildew Pathogen The pathogen for Downy Mildew in grapes is Plasmopara viticola. It is an obligate parasite, meaning [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49542","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - grapevine - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-grapevine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - grapevine - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Grapevine disease models GREY MOULD &#8211;Botrytis cinerea ANTHRACNOSE &#8211;Elsinoe ampelina GRAPEVINE BLACK ROT &#8211;Guignardia bidwellii GRAPEVINE BERRY MOTHS &#8211;Lobesia botrana PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT-Phomopsis viticola DOWNY MILDEW &#8211;Plasmopara viticola POWDERY MILDEW &#8211;Uncinula necator Recommended equipment Downy Mildew Pathogen The pathogen for Downy Mildew in grapes is Plasmopara viticola. 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