{"id":49480,"date":"2022-12-02T10:02:48","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T10:02:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49480"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:27","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:27","slug":"disease-models-corn","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-corn\/","title":{"rendered":"Hastal\u0131k modelleri - m\u0131s\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Hastal\u0131k\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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M\u0131s\u0131r <\/b>hastal\u0131k modelleri\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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MISIR<\/br>YAPRAK PARLAKLI\u011eI<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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FUSARIUM KULAK \u00c7\u00dcR\u00dcKL\u00dc\u011e\u00dc -<\/br>Fusarium spp.<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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GRI YAPRAK LEKESI -<\/br>Cercospora zea maydis<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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M\u0131s\u0131r yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0130ki hastal\u0131k \u015fu isim alt\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenmektedir\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>. Il\u0131man ve serin iklimde\u00a0Kuzey M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu\u00a0Helminthosporium turcicum<\/em>. Oysa daha s\u0131cak iklimlerde\u00a0G\u00fcney M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0patojenin neden oldu\u011fu\u00a0Bipolaris maydis<\/em>\u00a0(Nisikado & Miyake) Shoemaker, teleomorf\u00a0Cochliobolus heterostrophus<\/em> (Drechs.) Drechs. Bu hastal\u0131k, \u00e7ok s\u0131cak bir yaz iklimi ile \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir ebeveyn genomunun birle\u015fti\u011fi 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda, o d\u00f6nemde ABD'de yeti\u015ftirilen m\u0131s\u0131rlarda yayg\u0131nla\u015farak \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131yla \u00fcnlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

G\u00fcney M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Bipolaris maydis<\/em>)<\/h3>

-\u00a0SCLB: Biyoloji ve Hastal\u0131k D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a>
-\u00a0SCLB: Enfeksiyon Modeli<\/a><\/p>

G\u00fcney M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, patojenik mantar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r\u00a0Bipolaris maydis<\/em>. Bu, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca m\u0131s\u0131rda verim \u00fczerinde ekonomik etkisi olmayan \u00f6nemsiz bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Texas erkek steril sitoplazmal\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r hibritlerinde Race T ad\u0131 verilen olduk\u00e7a vir\u00fclan bir t\u00fcr ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kay\u0131plar ciddi boyutlardayd\u0131.<\/p>

Semptomlar<\/span><\/p>

Irk lezyonlar\u0131n\u0131n belirtileri i\u011f \u015feklinde ve sar\u0131-ye\u015fil halelidir. Daha sonra koyu, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahip olurlar ve yapraklarda, saplarda, yaprak k\u0131l\u0131flar\u0131nda, kabuklarda ve saplarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrler. Ko\u00e7an \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fak d\u00fc\u015fmesi de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Mantar m\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerinde ve tohum \u00fczerinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir. R\u00fczgar ve s\u0131\u00e7rayan su, sporlar\u0131 ideal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda tarlada h\u0131zla yayar ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 72 saat i\u00e7inde d\u00f6ng\u00fcye girer. Diren\u00e7li hibritlerle kontrol.<\/p>

Biyoloji ve Hastal\u0131k D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/span><\/p>

G\u00fcney m\u0131s\u0131r yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (SCLB) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilir\u00a0\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131klar (68-90\u00b0F veya 20-32\u00b0C) ve y\u00fcksek nem oranlar\u0131<\/u>. Bu nedenle, Illinois'in g\u00fcney yar\u0131s\u0131nda bir sorun olma e\u011filimindedir, ancak hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funda daha kuzeyde de bulunabilir. S\u0131k s\u0131k\u00a0ya\u011fmurlu d\u00f6nemler<\/u> hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>

SCLB'nin belirtileri \u015funlard\u0131r\u00a0yaprak lezyonlar\u0131<\/u>\u00a0K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beneklerden bir bu\u00e7uk in\u00e7 geni\u015fli\u011finde ve bir bu\u00e7uk in\u00e7 uzunlu\u011funda lekelere kadar de\u011fi\u015fir. Bunlar dikd\u00f6rtgen \u015feklinde, paralel kenarl\u0131 ve ten renginden grimsi renge kadar de\u011fi\u015fir. Bitkinin genetik ge\u00e7mi\u015fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak lezyonlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde morumsu ila kahverengi bir s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Duyarl\u0131 bitkilerde erken ve \u015fiddetli enfeksiyonlar, onlar\u0131 sap \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmelerine yatk\u0131n hale getirir.<\/p>

Mantar, spor veya miselyum olarak m\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir.\u00a0Sporlar r\u00fczgar veya su s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 ile yay\u0131l\u0131r<\/u> b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bitkilere bula\u015f\u0131r. Enfeksiyon ve kolonizasyondan sonra, bu birincil lezyonlardan spor\u00fclasyon, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in uygun oldu\u011fu ve canl\u0131 dokular mevcut oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece ikincil yay\u0131lma ve enfeksiyonlar i\u00e7in kaynak g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Hastal\u0131k d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ideal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnde bir tekrar edebilir. Sporlar\u0131n \u00e7imlenmesi ve bitkiye n\u00fcfuz etmesi, yaprak y\u00fczeyinde serbest su mevcut oldu\u011funda ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klar 15 ila 28\u00b0C aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funda alt\u0131 saat i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir. SCLB'nin kontrol\u00fc, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hibritlerle kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. Baz\u0131 hibritlerde hafif lekelenmeler g\u00f6r\u00fclse de, bu sadece dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k reaksiyonunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve herhangi bir ekonomik kayba yol a\u00e7maz.<\/p>

Erozyonun sorun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u00fcr\u00fcn kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi faydal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle toprak i\u015flemenin yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yo\u011fun \u00fcr\u00fcn kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerlerde \u00fcr\u00fcn rotasyonu \u00f6nerilmektedir. Bu mantar enkaz \u00fczerinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011finden, m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n bu t\u00fcr kal\u0131nt\u0131lara ekilmesi daha erken enfeksiyona ve k\u00f6t\u00fc fide performans\u0131na neden olabilir. Yapraktan fungisitler tohum \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda faydal\u0131d\u0131r. Optimum kontrol i\u00e7in, p\u00fcsk\u00fcllenmeden 14 g\u00fcn \u00f6ncesinden p\u00fcsk\u00fcllenmeden 21 g\u00fcn sonras\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nemde yaprak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek \u00f6nemlidir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu d\u00f6rt haftal\u0131k d\u00f6nemin yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasar\u0131 i\u00e7in en kritik d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu ve bu d\u00f6nemde duyarl\u0131 inbredlerin korunmamas\u0131 durumunda verim ve kalitenin en \u00e7ok etkilendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>

Enfeksiyon Modeli<\/span><\/p>

Bu hastal\u0131k bitki dokusunu enfekte etmek i\u00e7in serbest suya (yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131) ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Bu nedenle enfeksiyonun ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar \u015funlard\u0131r:\u00a0yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 15\u00b0C'den daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar<\/u>. Enfeksiyon, 100 derece saat (s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k saatleri) biriktirebildikten sonra bitecektir.<\/p>

SCLBenfeksiyonunu BA\u015eLAT: yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 > 0 ve hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 >= 15 ise ba\u015fla<\/p>

ENFEKS\u0130YON ARTI\u015eI: SCLBenfeksiyon ger\u00e7ek saati =SCLBenfeksiyon eski saati + (hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 * dakika cinsinden yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi)<\/p>

DUR: ko\u015fullar verilmemi\u015fse (yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok, s\u0131cakl\u0131k 15\u00b0C'nin alt\u0131nda) veya SCLBenfeksiyon > 100*60 \u00b0C (= derece dakika) ise SCLBenfeksiyon = 100*60 (toplamda 6000 derece dakika veya 100 derece saat (\u00f6rne\u011fin 15\u00b0C'de yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 saat yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya 18\u00b0C'de 5 saat yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131), 15\u00b0C'den y\u00fcksek bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 maksimumdur).
(S\u0131cakl\u0131k 15\u00b0C'den y\u00fcksekse ve yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dakikada 100*60\u00b0C birikmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan fazlaysa enfeksiyon tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>

Bu modeller, Mohammad Babadoost taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Bitki Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Raporu 202 - M\u0131s\u0131rda Yayg\u0131n Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ve Lekeleri'ne g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

Urbana-Champaign'deki Illinois \u00dcniversitesi, Bitki Bilimleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Meyve ve Sebze Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Uzatma Uzman\u0131.<\/p>

Kuzey M\u0131s\u0131r Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Exserohilum turcicum<\/em>)<\/h3>

Kuzey m\u0131s\u0131r yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (NCLB)<\/u>mantar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu\u00a0Exserohilum turcicum<\/em>\u00a0daha \u00f6nce\u00a0Helmithosporium turcicum<\/em>m\u0131s\u0131r yeti\u015ftirilen nemli b\u00f6lgelerde verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olabilir. Orta derecede nemli iklimlerde hastal\u0131k her yerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir, ancak genellikle silklenmeden \u00f6nce tarlalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bu hastal\u0131k kuru havalarda nadiren \u00f6nemli verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olur, ancak ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalarda, \u00f6zellikle m\u0131s\u0131r geli\u015fiminin silolama a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00fcst yapraklarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 30%'nin \u00fczerinde kay\u0131plara neden olabilir. Yaprak hasar\u0131 sadece orta d\u00fczeydeyse veya silklenmeden yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 hafta sonras\u0131na kadar gecikirse, verim kay\u0131plar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla minimumdur. Kuzey m\u0131s\u0131r yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca bitkiler \u00fczerindeki stresi art\u0131rarak m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131 sap \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yatk\u0131n hale getirir.<\/p>

Enfeksiyon modeli<\/span><\/p>

Exserohilum turcicum<\/em>\u00a0s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u0131s\u0131r bitkisinin yapraklar\u0131n\u0131 enfekte edebilmektedir. Bitki dokusunu enfekte etmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00a0ger\u00e7ek hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi.<\/span> S\u0131cakl\u0131k 13\u00b0C ila 28\u00b0C aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyorsa enfeksiyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir.\u00a018\u00b0C'lik bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta enfeksiyon i\u00e7in 18 saat gerekecektir<\/u>. S\u0131cakl\u0131k daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse daha da uzun bir s\u00fcreye, daha s\u0131caksa daha k\u0131sa bir yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresine ihtiya\u00e7 duyacakt\u0131r.<\/p>

Bir NCLBenfeksiyonunun hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n BA\u015eLANGICI: E\u011fer (yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 > 0) ve (hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 >= 13) ve (hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (18-13)*18*60 ise NCLBinfection = (18-13)*18*60. Bu, toplamda 5400 derece dakikaya (= 90 derece saat) ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi ve ard\u0131ndan bir enfeksiyonun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir (= (18\u00b0C- 13\u00b0C)* 18 saat dakika cinsinden yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (18*60). 18\u00b0C'de bir enfeksiyon i\u00e7in 18 saatlik yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131k daha y\u00fcksekse veya yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri daha uzunsa yine 5400'd\u00fcr (yukar\u0131daki t\u00fcm de\u011ferler 100% enfeksiyonudur).<\/p>

Bu modeller, Mohammad Babadoost taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Bitki Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Raporu 202 - M\u0131s\u0131rda Yayg\u0131n Yaprak Yan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ve Lekeleri'ne g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

M. Babadoost, Urbana-Champaign'deki Illinois \u00dcniversitesi Bitki Bilimleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc'nde Meyve ve Sebze Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Uzatma Uzman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Fusarium kulak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Fusarium Kulak \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u0131s\u0131r ba\u015faklar\u0131nda en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen mantar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli mantar t\u00fcrlerinden kaynaklan\u0131r.\u00a0Fusarium<\/em>.<\/p>

Semptomlar<\/strong><\/h3>

Fusarium ba\u015fak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirtileri, ba\u015fa\u011f\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde ba\u015flayan veya her tarafa da\u011f\u0131lan beyazdan pembeye veya somon rengine kadar de\u011fi\u015fen bir k\u00fcflenmedir. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fcme genellikle b\u00f6cek hasarl\u0131 tanelerle ba\u015flar. Genellikle t\u00fcm ba\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kapsamaz. Enfekte taneler genellikle ten rengi veya kahverengidir ya da beyaz \u00e7izgileri vard\u0131r. Bu mantarlar mikotoksin \u00fcretebilir.<\/p>

Biyolojisi Fusarium ssp.<\/em> M\u0131s\u0131r \u00dczerine<\/h3>

Orta Bat\u0131'da en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen kulak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u015funlardan kaynaklan\u0131r\u00a0Fusarium spp.<\/em>\u00a0Mantarlar.\u00a0\"Fusarium ba\u015fak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\" veya \"Fusarium \u00e7ekirdek \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\"<\/u>\u00a0neden oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131\u011fa at\u0131fta bulunur\u00a0Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum ve F. subglutinans<\/em>. Fusarium ba\u015fak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirtileri, ba\u015fa\u011f\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde ba\u015flayan veya her tarafa da\u011f\u0131lan beyazdan pembeye veya somon rengine kadar de\u011fi\u015fen bir k\u00fcflenmedir. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fcme genellikle b\u00f6ceklerin zarar verdi\u011fi tanelerde ba\u015flar ancak ba\u015fa\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da etkilenebilir. Enfekte olmu\u015f taneler genellikle ten rengi veya kahverengi renklidir ya da beyaz \u00e7izgileri vard\u0131r. Fusarium t\u00fcrleri de m\u0131s\u0131r sap\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne neden olur. Mantarlar m\u0131s\u0131r kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda ve di\u011fer bitkilerin, \u00f6zellikle de otlar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda hayatta kal\u0131r. Fusarium sporlar\u0131 r\u00fczgar ve s\u0131\u00e7rayan ya\u011fmurla, ya\u015flan\u0131p kahverengiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerinde en hassas olan ipeklere yay\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdeklerin enfeksiyonu sap yoluyla da ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir, ancak bu \u00e7ekirdek enfeksiyonu \u015fekli daha az yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. B\u00f6ceklerin zarar verdi\u011fi taneler \u00e7ok hassast\u0131r ve b\u00f6cekler \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131nan sporlar zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f taneleri enfekte edebilir.<\/p>

Gibberella kulak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/u>\u00a0m\u0131s\u0131r mantar\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r\u00a0Gibberella zeae<\/em>olarak da bilinir.\u00a0Fusarium graminearum<\/em>.<\/p>

Maisfusarium1 1 En kolay \u015fekilde k\u00fcf\u00fcn k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 veya pembe rengiyle tan\u0131mlanabilir. Neredeyse her zaman kula\u011f\u0131n ucunda ba\u015flar. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, renk kolayca g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar soluktur, bu nedenle k\u00fcf beyaz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu durumda, k\u00fcf\u00fc ay\u0131rt etmek her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir.\u00a0Gibberella<\/em>\u00a0mikroskobik inceleme yap\u0131lmadan Fusarium kulak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ay\u0131rt edilebilir.<\/p>

Bu mantar ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u0131s\u0131r sap\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesine ve bu\u011fdayda ba\u015f kabu\u011funa neden olur; m\u0131s\u0131r ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tah\u0131l kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda hayatta kal\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu mantar\u0131n sporlar\u0131 ipekleri enfekte eder; sap enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n Gibberella kulak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Sporlar ipeklere su s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131r ya da b\u00f6cekler taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. Enfeksiyonlar kulak ucundan ziyade b\u00f6cek yaralar\u0131ndan kaynaklanabilir.<\/p>

Gibberella kulak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc enfeksiyonlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u015fu durumlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u00a0hava serin ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131<\/u>\u00a0silklenmeden sonraki ilk be\u015f g\u00fcn boyunca. K\u00fcf\u00fcn devam eden geli\u015fimi de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u00a0ard\u0131ndan serin ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalar. Hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in optimum s\u0131cakl\u0131klar 19\u00b0C - 24\u00b0C'dir.<\/u><\/p>

M\u0131s\u0131r Fusarium Enfeksiyon Modeli<\/h3>

M\u0131s\u0131r ve Bu\u011fday, BBCH'nin 61 ila 75. a\u015famalar\u0131nda fusarium enfeksiyonlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131r. 75. a\u015famadan sonra model yaln\u0131zca Avrupa M\u0131s\u0131r Kurdunun yo\u011fun istilas\u0131 durumunda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>

M\u0131s\u0131rdaki Fusarium Ba\u015f Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kompleksine ait fungal etmenlerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler taraf\u0131ndan tercih edildi\u011fi bilinmektedir\u00a020 \u00b0C ila 30 \u00b0C aras\u0131 \u0131l\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131klar<\/u>\u00a0ve\u00a0uzun nemli d\u00f6nemler<\/u>. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k d\u00f6nemleri erken g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir semptomlara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Ancak enfeksiyonu 18 saatlik ya da daha k\u0131sa bir yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k periyodu takip ederse, belirtiler daha uzun bir gecikme s\u00fcresinden sonra g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Semptomlar 15\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta yapay a\u015f\u0131lamadan sonra da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Literat\u00fcrde buldu\u011fumuz t\u00fcm farkl\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyerek, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda Fusarium Ba\u015f Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Enfeksiyonlar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmeye karar verdik\u00a0s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi veya 85%'den fazla ba\u011f\u0131l neme sahip d\u00f6nemler<\/u>\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafikte g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilen de\u011ferleri a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Enfeksiyonlar, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2 ila 32\u00b0C aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funda ve ya\u011fmur toplam\u0131 2 mm veya daha fazla oldu\u011funda veya ba\u011f\u0131l nem 85%'den fazla oldu\u011funda ba\u015flar. Ba\u011f\u0131l nem 85%'ye e\u015fit veya daha fazla kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) enfeksiyon artar. Ancak ba\u011f\u0131l nem 85%r.h.'ye kadar d\u00fc\u015ferse enfeksiyonun ilerlemesi durur.<\/u><\/p>

Enfeksiyon ilerleme de\u011feri 100%'ye ula\u015f\u0131rsa Fusarium Ba\u015f Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Enfeksiyonu varsay\u0131labilir. Bu ilerleme de\u011ferinin hesaplanmas\u0131, nemli ko\u015fullar\u0131n s\u00fcresi ile yukar\u0131daki grafikte g\u00f6sterilen s\u0131cakl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi takip eder.<\/p>

Bu model, enfeksiyon g\u00fcnlerini ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yeti\u015ftiricinin, yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi farkl\u0131 bu\u011fday \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin geli\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131, enfeksiyondan hemen sonra iyile\u015ftirici bir sprey uygulamas\u0131 gerekip gerekmedi\u011fine eri\u015fmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>

Referanslar:<\/em><\/p>