{"id":49317,"date":"2022-12-01T13:59:30","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T13:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49317"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:16","slug":"disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","title":{"rendered":"Hastal\u0131k modelleri - biber, patl\u0131can ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 biber"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49317\" class=\"elementor elementor-49317\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-500122d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"500122d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c4fe39\" data-id=\"7c4fe39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83f9415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"83f9415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49498\" alt=\"Hastal\u0131k Modelleri - ac\u0131 biber, patl\u0131can ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 biber\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02baba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02baba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30e9be\" data-id=\"e30e9be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb46eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5eb46eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Biber, patl\u0131can ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 biber <\/b>hastal\u0131k modelleri\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd8a2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd8a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Biber d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ticari sebze \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Biber \u00fcretimi genellikle bir veya daha fazla hastal\u0131k problemi nedeniyle ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu i\u00e7erik, yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6zlenen birka\u00e7 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n semptomlar\u0131n\u0131 ve FieldClimate'de tahmini i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan modelleri a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f925395 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f925395\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-248525a\" data-id=\"248525a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4968852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4968852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-alternaria-and-tomcast\">ALTERNARIA VE TOMCAST -<\/br><em>Alternaria solani <\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8056\" data-id=\"dfd8056\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b79bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b79bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-powdery-mildew\">TOZLU S\u00dcT<\/br>R\u0130SK MODEL\u0130<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a51271\" data-id=\"1a51271\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77556d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77556d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-grey-mould\">GR\u0130 KALIP -<\/br><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c142a83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c142a83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-406680a\" data-id=\"406680a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca3781 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ca3781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-phytophthora-blight\">PHYTOPHTHORA YANIKLI\u011eI -<\/br><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f6fea8\" data-id=\"8f6fea8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b6393e\" data-id=\"7b6393e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3825854 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3825854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7475ed9\" data-id=\"7475ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04d3529 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"04d3529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u00d6nerilen ekipman<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e841975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e841975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c355ed\" data-id=\"0c355ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e875f3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7e875f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0d41fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0d41fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e49411f\" data-id=\"e49411f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b31205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0b31205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-alternaria-and-tomcast\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc85f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc85f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alternaria ve TomCast<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60cb569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"60cb569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89308c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89308c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Alternaria<\/h3><p><em>Alternaria solani<\/em>\u00a0zaman zaman biber yapraklar\u0131nda yaprak lekesine neden olur.\u00a0<em>Alternaria alternata<\/em>\u00a0\u00f6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7i\u00e7ek ucu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc takiben meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesine neden olabilir. Biber meyvesinde g\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle yapraklar seyrek oldu\u011funda ve biberler g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Yaralanma bronzla\u015f\u0131r ve b\u00fcz\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Alternaria bu lezyonlar\u0131 kolonize etti\u011finde \u00e7ikolata kahverengisinden siyaha d\u00f6ner ve mantar ke\u00e7emsi, koyu kahverengiden siyaha de\u011fi\u015fen bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile kendini belli edebilir. Alternaria meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hasat sonras\u0131nda da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p><p>Mantar\u00a0<u>saplar\u0131, yapraklar\u0131 ve meyveleri enfekte eder<\/u>. Fideleri sararak tohum yata\u011f\u0131nda nemlenmeye neden olabilir. Yapraklarda, kahverengi dairesel lekeler genellikle sar\u0131 bir alanla \u00e7evrilidir. Yaprak lekeleri karakteristik koyu konsantrik halkalara sahiptir. Yaprak lekeleri genellikle \u00f6nce en ya\u015fl\u0131 yapraklarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bitkide yukar\u0131 do\u011fru ilerler. Hastal\u0131k ilerledik\u00e7e fungus saplar\u0131 ve meyveyi enfekte edebilir. Meyvelerdeki lekeler yapraklardakilere benzer - koyu e\u015fmerkezli halkalarla kahverengi. Koyu renkli, tozlu sporlar e\u015fmerkezli halkalar halinde \u00fcretilir. Sporlar, leke a\u00e7\u0131k renkli bir nesneye dokundurulursa g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p><p>Mantar \u015funlar\u0131 yapabilir\u00a0<u>toprakta ve istila edilmi\u015f mahsul ve yabani ot kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda hayatta kal\u0131r<\/u>. Tohum kaynakl\u0131 olabilir ve\u00a0<u>r\u00fczgar, su, b\u00f6cekler, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve \u00e7iftlik ekipmanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r<\/u>. Bitkilere konan sporlar \u00e7imlenir ve \u0131sland\u0131klar\u0131nda yapraklar\u0131 enfekte eder. Sporlar yapra\u011fa, buhara veya meyveye girebilir. Mantar en aktif oldu\u011fu zaman\u00a0<u>\u0131l\u0131man ila s\u0131cak s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalarda<\/u>. Hastal\u0131k ya\u011fmur mevsimi boyunca daha k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. Erken yan\u0131kl\u0131k, a\u011f\u0131r meyve y\u00fck\u00fc, nematod sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck azot verimlili\u011fi nedeniyle strese giren bitkilerde en \u015fiddetli \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><p>\u00c7o\u011fu biber \u00e7e\u015fidinin Alternaria'ya kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu nedenle TomCast modelini kullan\u0131rken eylem e\u015fi\u011fini \u00e7e\u015fidin \u00f6zel duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyarlamak gerekir. Patl\u0131can Alternaria'ya kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131r. Bu bitki i\u00e7in orijinal olarak domateste kullan\u0131lan e\u015fikler daha uygundur.<\/p><h3>TomCast Modeli<\/h3><p>TomCast modeli, ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ilk p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerini de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dczerinde hesaplan\u0131r\u00a0<u>yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (veya ba\u011f\u0131l nemin 90%'den fazla oldu\u011fu saatlerin taban\u0131) ve bu s\u00fcre boyunca ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/u>. Her g\u00fcn bunun i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirilir ve her g\u00fcn 0 ile 4 aras\u0131nda bir \u00f6nem derecesi al\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u0130lk serpintinin tarihini ve bir spreyin tekrarlanmas\u0131 gereken tarihi de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in\u00a0<u>birikmi\u015f \u00f6nem derecesi de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r<\/u>. Normalde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck duyarl\u0131 biber \u00e7e\u015fitlerinde y\u00fcksek bir de\u011fer (40 ve \u00fczeri) kabul edilebilir. Dolu gibi bir yaralanmadan sonra duyarl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir ve biriken \u015fiddet de\u011ferleri 18 ila 25'e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. Bu e\u015fik patl\u0131canlarda da uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Fieldclimate'de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Bu d\u00f6nemde yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u015fiddet de\u011ferleri biriktirilmi\u015ftir (yukar\u0131daki tabloya bak\u0131n\u0131z). Toplamda, 10 Temmuz - 27 A\u011fustos tarihleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlenen zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 24 \u015eiddet de\u011feri toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fit (duyarl\u0131l\u0131k) ve yaralanmalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, \u015fiddet de\u011feri yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 SV'de (duyarl\u0131 olmayan \u00e7e\u015fit, yaralanma yok) veya dolu nedeniyle yaralanmalar g\u00f6zlendi\u011finde veya \u00e7e\u015fit patojene \u00e7ok duyarl\u0131 oldu\u011funda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 SV'de bir sprey uygulamas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8f02f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8f02f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-252b038\" data-id=\"252b038\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42a5a7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a42a5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ace62b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ace62b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b4ae3e\" data-id=\"0b4ae3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-304814a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"304814a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-powdery-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-376cc21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"376cc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00fclleme risk modeli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9a389b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d9a389b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa70448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa70448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Tozlu K\u00fcf<\/h3><p>K\u00fclleme \u00f6ncelikle biber bitkilerinin yapraklar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Hastal\u0131k genellikle meyve tutumundan hemen \u00f6nce veya meyve tutumunda ya\u015fl\u0131 yapraklarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131ksa da, \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015fiminin herhangi bir a\u015famas\u0131nda geli\u015febilir. Belirtiler, alt yaprak y\u00fczeyinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kaplayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fleyen ve birle\u015fen yamal\u0131, beyaz, tozlu b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi i\u00e7erir. Zaman zaman tozumsu b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00fcst yaprak y\u00fczeyinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alt y\u00fczeyinde k\u00fcf geli\u015fen yapraklar\u0131n \u00fcst y\u00fczeyinde yamal\u0131 sar\u0131ms\u0131 veya kahverengimsi bir renk de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Enfekte yapraklar\u0131n kenarlar\u0131 yukar\u0131 do\u011fru yuvarlanarak beyaz, tozumsu mantar b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karabilir. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 yapraklar bitkiden d\u00fc\u015fer ve meyveyi g\u00fcne\u015fe maruz b\u0131rak\u0131r, bu da g\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p><p>K\u00fclleme, yaz\u0131n en s\u0131cak d\u00f6neminde \u015fiddetli olabilir ve a\u011f\u0131r verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olabilir. Patojen \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir konuk\u00e7u aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahiptir ve bir konuk\u00e7u bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcnden gelen inokulum di\u011fer konuk\u00e7u bitkileri \u00e7apraz enfekte edebilir. Kaliforniya'da k\u00fclleme inokulumu so\u011fan, pamuk, domates, t\u00fcm biber \u00e7e\u015fitleri gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden ve y\u0131ll\u0131k devedikeni ve yer kiraz\u0131 gibi yabani otlardan gelebilir. Bu k\u00fclleme patojeni, di\u011fer cinslerdeki k\u00fclleme patojenlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak yaprak y\u00fczeyinden ziyade yapra\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde olu\u015fur. Leveillula m\u00fckemmel evresinin cleistothecia's\u0131 (e\u015feyli sporlar) Kaliforniya'da nadiren g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr, ancak e\u015feysiz sporlar (konidia) \u00fcretilir ve r\u00fczgarla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Genel olarak, y\u00fcksek nem konidilerin \u00e7imlenmesini destekler. Bitkilerin enfeksiyonu hem y\u00fcksek hem de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck nem alt\u0131nda geni\u015f bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (64\u00b0 ila 91\u00b0F veya 18\u00b0 ila 33\u00b0C) meydana gelebilir. Uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, ikincil enfeksiyonlar her 7 ila 10 g\u00fcnde bir meydana gelir ve hastal\u0131k h\u0131zla yay\u0131labilir. Eyaletin i\u00e7 vadilerinde yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen 95\u00b0F \u00fczerindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar geli\u015fimi ge\u00e7ici olarak bask\u0131layabilir.<\/p><h3>Risk Modeli<\/h3><ul><li>S\u0131cakl\u0131k 6 saat veya daha uzun s\u00fcre 22\u00b0C ile 32\u00b0C aras\u0131ndaysa =&gt; Risk 20 Puan artar<\/li><li>S\u0131cakl\u0131k 6 saat veya daha uzun s\u00fcre 32\u00b0C'den y\u00fcksek olursa =&gt; Risk 10 Puan azal\u0131r<\/li><li>S\u0131cakl\u0131k t\u00fcm g\u00fcn boyunca 22\u00b0C'den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse =&gt; Risk 10 Puan azal\u0131r<\/li><li>6 saatten fazla yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsa =&gt; Risk 10 Puan azal\u0131r<\/li><\/ul><p>Risk 20'nin alt\u0131ndaysa k\u00fcllemenin h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve ila\u00e7lama program\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 olabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131labilir. Risk bundan daha y\u00fcksekse p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme program\u0131 ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Risk 60 puan\u0131 a\u015farsa s\u0131k\u0131 ve etkili bir p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme program\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Organik yeti\u015ftiricilikte bu, sulfor i\u00e7in p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erecektir.<\/p><p>FieldClimate'de risk g\u00fcnl\u00fck de\u011ferlerle g\u00f6sterilmektedir. A\u011fustos ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda 20 ila 30\u00b0C'lik s\u0131cakl\u0131klar nedeniyle 100%'lik bir risk s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-45e2aa7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"45e2aa7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbeecad\" data-id=\"fbeecad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79e2b98 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"79e2b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc14820 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc14820\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4d1531\" data-id=\"f4d1531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f8063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"50f8063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19462d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19462d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gri k\u00fcf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd4637e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd4637e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cf6b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cf6b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0fak\u00fcltatif bir parazittir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fc bitki materyali \u00fczerinde de yeti\u015fir. Bu nedenle \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131nda, meyve bah\u00e7elerinde ve kal\u0131c\u0131 arazilerde her zaman bulunur.\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0ile ilgilidir\u00a0<u>nemli iklim<\/u>. Enfeksiyon \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\u00a0<u>y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131l nem<\/u>\u00a0ya da\u00a0<u>\u00fccretsiz su<\/u>. Fungus, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeti\u015fkin bitki materyalini sporlar yoluyla enfekte edemez. Enfeksiyon \u015fu \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir\u00a0<u>gen\u00e7 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler<\/u>\u00a0uzun ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde veya dolu f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde.<\/p><p><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0enfeksiyonu taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilir\u00a0<u>yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/u>. Kopmu\u015f meyvelerin enfeksiyonu i\u00e7in yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi ve enfeksiyona yol a\u00e7an s\u0131cakl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki yukar\u0131daki grafikte g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu bulgular UC-Davis'te yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan elde edilmi\u015ftir. Pessl Instruments olarak bu ili\u015fkiyi temel olarak kullanmaktay\u0131z.\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0risk modeli. Risk art\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu grafikle orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r ve tamamlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 enfeksiyon d\u00f6nemi 100%'lik bir riske yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Herhangi bir yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi, bununla orant\u0131l\u0131 bir risk art\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 4 saatten az oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnler riskin ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferin be\u015fte biri oran\u0131nda azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c080e0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c080e0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f3d5a\" data-id=\"90f3d5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4527ee2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4527ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a366149 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a366149\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c31eb39\" data-id=\"c31eb39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac1efd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8ac1efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-phytophthora-blight\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdfd7be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdfd7be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14f4384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"14f4384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b02f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23b02f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda kabakgiller ve biber \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nelik en ciddi tehditlerden biri haline gelmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0ilk kez 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaliforniya ve Colorado'da rapor edilmi\u015ftir. O zamandan bu yana, Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki sebze \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda kabakgillerde ve biberlerde g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0yayg\u0131n olarak \u0131l\u0131man, subtropikal ve tropikal ortamlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0geni\u015f bir konuk\u00e7u yelpazesine sahip oldu\u011fundan, Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek zordur. Birka\u00e7 yabanc\u0131 ot t\u00fcr\u00fc de dahil olmak \u00fczere, 15'ten fazla familyada 50'den fazla bitki t\u00fcr\u00fc Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in konuk\u00e7udur.\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca ev sahipleri aras\u0131nda\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve ye\u015fil biberlerdir (<em>Capsicum annuum<\/em>), karpuz (<em>Citrullum lanatus<\/em>), kavun (<em>Cucumis melo<\/em>), ball\u0131 kavun (<em>C. melo<\/em>), salatal\u0131k (<em>Cucumis sativus<\/em>), mavi Hubbard kaba\u011f\u0131 (<em>Cucurbita maxima<\/em>), me\u015fe palamudu kaba\u011f\u0131 (<em>Cucurbita moschata<\/em>), kabak (<em>C. moschata<\/em>), balkaba\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleme (<em>C. moschata<\/em>), sar\u0131 kabak (<em>Cucurbita pepo<\/em>), kabak kaba\u011f\u0131 (<em>C. pepo<\/em>), domates (<em>Lycopersicon esculentum<\/em>), karabiber (<em>Piper nigrum<\/em>) ve patl\u0131can (<em>Solanum melongena<\/em>). \u015eu anda, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli olan tek bir kontrol y\u00f6ntemi bulunmamaktad\u0131r\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0kabakgillerde. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir direnci olan kabakgil \u00e7e\u015fidi yoktur. \u00dcr\u00fcn rotasyonlar\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde neredeyse etkisizdir.\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em> \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc patojen toprakta birka\u00e7 y\u0131l ya\u015fayabilir ve 50'den fazla bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc enfekte edebilir. Hastal\u0131k salg\u0131nlar\u0131 kabakgil bitkilerinin \u00fcretimini ciddi \u015fekilde tehdit etmektedir (\u015eekil 19). Kabakgiller ve di\u011fer sebzelerde Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in etkili stratejiler geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczere ek ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Belirtiler ve \u0130\u015faretler<\/h3><p>Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na oomycete bitki patojeni neden olur\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>. Bitkilerin enfeksiyonu geli\u015fimin herhangi bir a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Patojen fideleri, asmalar\u0131, yapraklar\u0131 ve meyveleri enfekte edebilir. Enfeksiyon genellikle ilk olarak topra\u011f\u0131n daha uzun s\u00fcre \u0131slak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarlalar\u0131n al\u00e7ak b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">S\u00f6n\u00fcmleme<\/span><br \/>Phytophthora capsici kabakgillerde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 nemlenmeye neden olur\u00a0<u>\u0131slak ve \u0131l\u0131k 20-30\u00b0C (68-86\u00b0F) toprak ko\u015fullar\u0131nda<\/u>. Fidelerde, toprak \u00e7izgisinde veya yak\u0131n\u0131nda hipokotil \u00fczerinde sulu bir \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fck geli\u015fir ve bitki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Olgun bitkiler ta\u00e7 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirtileri g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 bitki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce bitki solgunlu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: yapraklar\u0131n renginde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bitkinin ani, kal\u0131c\u0131 solgunlu\u011fu. Yaprak solgunlu\u011fu asmalar\u0131n taban\u0131ndan u\u00e7lar\u0131na do\u011fru ilerler. Bitkiler genellikle ilk belirtilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonraki birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde veya toprak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fmur veya sulama ile doyurulduktan sonra \u00f6l\u00fcr. Enfekte bitkilerin g\u00f6vdeleri toprak \u00e7izgisinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ktan koyu kahverengiye d\u00f6ner ve yumu\u015fak ve su ile \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f hale gelir. Enfekte olmu\u015f g\u00f6vdeler \u00e7\u00f6ker ve \u00f6l\u00fcr. Enfekte i\u015fleme kaba\u011f\u0131 bitkilerinin kaz\u0131k k\u00f6kleri ve yan k\u00f6kleri genellikle belirti g\u00f6stermez. Yapraklar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc takiben, \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in daha az elveri\u015fli hale gelirse k\u00f6kler yeni asmalara yol a\u00e7abilir. Phytophthora nemlenmesi, mahsul\u00fcn k\u0131smen veya tamamen kayb\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Asma yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><br \/>Asmalar b\u00fcy\u00fcme mevsimi boyunca herhangi bir zamanda etkilenebilir. Asmalarda suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f lezyonlar geli\u015fir. Lezyonlar koyu zeytin rengindedir ve birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde koyu kahverengiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Lezyonlar g\u00f6vdeyi sarar ve lezyonun \u00fczerindeki yapraklar\u0131n h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kmesine ve \u00f6lmesine neden olur.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Yaprak belirtileri<\/span><br \/><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0bitkilerin hem yaprak saplar\u0131n\u0131 hem de yaprak kanatlar\u0131n\u0131 enfekte edebilir. Yaprak saplar\u0131nda koyu kahverengi, suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f lezyonlar geli\u015fir (asmalardaki lezyonlara benzer), bu da yaprak sap\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kmesine ve yaprak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olur. Enfekte yaprak saplar\u0131nda \u00e7ap\u0131 5 mm'den (0,2 in\u00e7) 5 cm'ye (2 in\u00e7) kadar de\u011fi\u015fen lekeler olu\u015fur. Enfekte alanlar ilk ba\u015fta klorotiktir, ancak birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde klorotik ila zeytin ye\u015fili s\u0131n\u0131rlarla nekrotik hale gelirler. Islak ve s\u0131cak ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, yaprak lekeleri h\u0131zla geni\u015fler, birle\u015fir ve t\u00fcm yapra\u011f\u0131 kaplayabilir. Kuru ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda yaprak lekelerinin geni\u015flemesi durur.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi<\/span><br \/>Meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc meyve tutumundan hasada kadar herhangi bir zamanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc genellikle meyvenin toprakla temas eden k\u0131sm\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Bununla birlikte, bazen enfeksiyonlar, enfekte yapraklar\u0131n veya asmalar\u0131n bir meyve ile temas etti\u011fi meyvenin di\u011fer yerlerinde de ba\u015flayabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, meyvenin \u00fcst y\u00fczeyindeki semptomlar, patojeni i\u00e7eren suyu kom\u015fu bitkilere s\u0131\u00e7ratabilecek ya\u011fmur veya \u00fcstten sulamay\u0131 takiben geli\u015fir. Meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hasattan sonra, nakliye s\u0131ras\u0131nda veya depoda da geli\u015febilir. Meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tipik olarak suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f bir lezyon olarak ba\u015flar. Lezyonlar geni\u015fler ve beyaz k\u00fcf ile kaplan\u0131r. Patojen, enfekte olmu\u015f meyvelerin \u00e7o\u011funda \u00e7ok say\u0131da sporangia \u00fcretir. Meyve enfeksiyonu h\u0131zla ilerleyerek meyvenin tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kmesine neden olur. Phytophthora yaprak yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve meyve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamamen kayb\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p><h3>Patojen Biyolojisi<\/h3><p><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0Pythiaceae familyas\u0131nda, Peronosporales tak\u0131m\u0131nda ve Oomycetes s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Oomycetes ger\u00e7ek mantar de\u011fildir ve Stramenopila krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ek mantarlardan ziyade kahverengi alglerle daha yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidirler. Patojen aseks\u00fcel sporangia ve biflagellat zoosporlar ve seks\u00fcel oosporlar \u00fcretir. Miseller koenositiktir (septats\u0131z).\u00a0<em><u>Phytophthora<\/u><\/em><u>\u00a0capsici 10 ila 36\u00b0C'de (50 ila 97\u00b0F) yeti\u015fir, optimum s\u0131cakl\u0131k 24 ila 33\u00b0C'dir (75-91\u00b0F).<\/u>\u00a0Bu patojen lima fasulyesi agar\u0131nda h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcr ve koloni \u00e7ap\u0131 5 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde 8 cm'ye (3 in\u00e7) kadar ula\u015fabilir. Kolonilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u015fekilleri pamuksu, petaloid, rosaceous ve stellate (y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklinde) aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Sporangia (e\u015feysiz meyve organlar\u0131)\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0sporangiophores (sporangia \u00fcreten hifler) \u00fczerinde \u00fcretilir ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla papillatt\u0131r (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yuvarlak bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya sahip). Sporangial \u015fekiller \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullardan etkilenir ve k\u00fcresel alt\u0131, ovoid, obovoid, elipsoid, fusiform veya piriform olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Sporangia uzunluklar\u0131 ve geni\u015flikleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla 32,8 ila 65,8 ve 17,4 ila 38,7 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Sporangia uzunluk\/geni\u015flik oranlar\u0131 1.3:1 ile 2.1:1 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Sporangia, 35 ila 138 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen uzun pedisellere (saplara) sahiptir. Pedik\u00fcll\u00fc sporangia r\u00fczgarla s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen ya\u011fmurda da\u011f\u0131labilir. Nemli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, sporangia i\u00e7inde zoosporlar (e\u015feysiz sporlar) \u00fcretilir. Zoosporlar tek h\u00fccreli ve biflagellatt\u0131r.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0ayr\u0131ca miselyum \u00fczerinde terminal veya interkalar (h\u00fccreler aras\u0131nda) olabilen klamidosporlar (kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 aseks\u00fcel sporlar) \u00fcretir. Klamidosporlar\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 22 ila 39 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Phytophthora capsici anteridia ve oogonia ad\u0131 verilen e\u015feyli yap\u0131lar ve oospor ad\u0131 verilen e\u015feyli sporlar \u00fcretir.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0A1 ve A2 olarak bilinen iki \u00e7iftle\u015fme tipi ile a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak heterotaliktir. Anteridia amfigin\u00f6zd\u00fcr (gen\u00e7 oogonium i\u00e7inden b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fckten sonra oogoniumun taban\u0131nda bir yaka olu\u015fturur) ve \u00e7aplar\u0131 12-21 ila 12-17 \u03bcm'dir. Oogonyumlar k\u00fcresel ya da k\u00fcreselin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve \u00e7aplar\u0131 23 ila 50 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Oosporlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak plerotiktir (oogonyumu doldurur), duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 2 ila 6 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda ve \u00e7aplar\u0131 22 ila 35 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0di\u011ferlerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r\u00a0<em>Phytophthora<\/em>\u00a0sporangial morfolojisine g\u00f6re t\u00fcrler. Sporangia\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0kad\u00fck\u00f6zd\u00fcr (sporangioforlardan kolayca ayr\u0131l\u0131r), uzun pedicellere sahiptir ve sivrilen bir taban ile k\u00fcresel ila uzundur. Vir\u00fclans (patojenite derecesi) ve genetik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan izolatlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0rapor edilmi\u015ftir. P. capsici ve di\u011fer mantarlar\u0131n genetik varyasyonunu incelemek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131labilir. T\u00fcrlerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7 transkripsiyon spacer (ITS) b\u00f6lgelerinin dizilenmesi ve\/veya restriksiyon digesti kullan\u0131labilir. Spesifik olarak amplifiye etmek i\u00e7in iTS primerleri ile kullan\u0131labilen spesifik bir PCR primeri (Pcap) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Basit diziler aras\u0131 tekrarlar (ISSR) amplifikasyonu, amplifiye edilmi\u015f par\u00e7a uzunlu\u011fu polimorfizmi (AFLP), allozim genotipleme ve bir prob ile k\u0131s\u0131tlama par\u00e7a uzunlu\u011fu polimorfizmleri, P. capsici pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki genetik varyasyonu incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p><h3>Hastal\u0131k D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ve Epidemiyoloji<\/h3><p><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0toprak kaynakl\u0131 bir patojendir ve \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda toprakta oosporlar veya bitki d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerinde miselyum olarak hayatta kal\u0131r. Oosporlar kuruma, so\u011fuk s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ve di\u011fer a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7lidir ve konuk\u00e7u bir bitkinin yoklu\u011funda toprakta birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca hayatta kalabilir. Oosporlar \u00e7imlenir ve sporangia ve zoosporlar \u00fcretir. Zoosporlar suda serbest kal\u0131r ve sulama veya y\u00fczey suyu ile da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Zoosporlar birka\u00e7 saat boyunca y\u00fczebilir ve bitki dokular\u0131n\u0131 enfekte edebilir. Zoosporlar \u00f6nce kam\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder ve daha sonra enkistle\u015ferek bir h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 olu\u015fturur, \u00e7imlenir ve bitki dokular\u0131n\u0131 enfekte eder. Enfekte dokularda, \u00f6zellikle de etkilenmi\u015f meyvelerde bol miktarda sporangia \u00fcretilir. Sporangia'lar su ile ya da r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi ya\u011fmurla havaya da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Sporangia ya do\u011frudan \u00e7imlenip konuk\u00e7u bitkiyi enfekte edebilir ya da \u00e7imlenip suda serbest kalan ve bitkiyi enfekte eden zoosporlara yol a\u00e7abilir. Patojen konuk\u00e7u i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcr ve enfekte dokular\u0131n y\u00fczeyinde sporangia \u00fcretir. \u00c7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 elveri\u015fli ise hastal\u0131k h\u0131zla geli\u015fir. Patojen k\u00fclt\u00fcr ortam\u0131nda klamidospor \u00fcretmesine ra\u011fmen, bunlar\u0131n patojenin hayatta kalmas\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k epidemiyolojisindeki rol\u00fc bilinmemektedir.\u00a0<u>Toprak nem ko\u015fullar\u0131 hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Sporangia toprak g\u00f6zenekleri kurudu\u011funda olu\u015fur ve toprak doydu\u011funda (toprak g\u00f6zenekleri suyla doldu\u011funda) zoosporlar\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Hastal\u0131k genellikle yo\u011fun ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama veya k\u00f6t\u00fc drene edilmi\u015f toprak ile ili\u015fkilidir. S\u0131k sulama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. S\u0131cak ko\u015fullar hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir.<\/u><\/p><h3>Hastal\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3><p>Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeterli kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayacak tek bir y\u00f6ntem mevcut de\u011fildir. Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015flama, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar ve kimyasal kontrol dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131k kontrol uygulamalar\u0131 entegre edilebilir. Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in en etkili kontrol y\u00f6ntemi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakileri \u00f6nlemektir\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0istila edilmemi\u015f bir tarlaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0Toprak, su ve\/veya bitki materyali ile yay\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130stila edilmi\u015f bir tarlada kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcm \u00e7iftlik ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir tarlaya ta\u015f\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce iyice temizlenmesi \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. Ayr\u0131ca, istila edilmi\u015f bir tarladan akan suyu alan su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rn. g\u00f6letler veya rezervuarlar) kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. Su kaynaklar\u0131 yemleme teknikleri ile patojenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan test edilebilir.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em> tohum kaynakl\u0131 bir patojen olarak kabul edilmez, ancak Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi bir tarladan tohum saklamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Uygulamalar<\/h3><p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar kabakgil tarlalar\u0131nda Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0toprakta birka\u00e7 y\u0131l ya\u015fayabildi\u011finden, Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olmayan tarlalar ekim i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmelidir. Kabakgillerde Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkili y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn rotasyonu d\u00f6nemi belirlenmemi\u015f olsa da, yaln\u0131zca en az 3 y\u0131ld\u0131r kabakgil, patl\u0131can, biber ve\/veya domates ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olmayan tarlalar\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi \u00f6nerilir. Tarlalar, Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile enfekte olmu\u015f tarlalardan iyi bir \u015fekilde izole edilmi\u015f olarak se\u00e7ilmelidir.\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Y\u00fcksek toprak nemi Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini destekler, bu nedenle iyi drene edilmi\u015f tarlalar se\u00e7ilmeli ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulamadan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, tarlan\u0131n drenaj\u0131 zay\u0131f olan b\u00f6lgelerine kabakgil bitkileri ekmekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. Omurgal\u0131 olmayan kabakgiller (\u00f6rne\u011fin yaz kaba\u011f\u0131) yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 cm (10 in\u00e7) y\u00fcksekli\u011finde kubbe \u015feklindeki y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f yataklara ekilmelidir. Tarla, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015flardan sonra ve \u00f6zellikle tarlan\u0131n al\u00e7ak b\u00f6lgelerinde Phytophthora belirtileri i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00f6zlenmelidir. Belirtiler tarlan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alan\u0131nda lokalize oldu\u011funda, enfekte olmu\u015f bitkiler topra\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. Bitkiler hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk belirtisinde etkili fungisitlerle ila\u00e7lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 meyveler m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede enfekte alandan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve rutin olarak hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kontrol edilmelidir. \u00d6rt\u00fc bitkilerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesi ve\/veya saman ve \u00e7avdar fi\u011f gibi bitki materyalleriyle mal\u00e7lama da patojenin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate<\/h3><p>FieldClimate'de fungal hastal\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fimini g\u00f6steren bir model bulunmaktad\u0131r: Model A: Phytophtora Capsici Modeli Bu model ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi ve ba\u011f\u0131l neme ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak enfeksiyon oranlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 enfeksiyon \u015fekli g\u00f6sterilmektedir:<\/p><ul><li>Su ile da\u011f\u0131lan Makrosporangia (Zoosporlar) ile enfeksiyon (toprakta \u015fiddetli ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar)<\/li><li>R\u00fczgar ve su ile da\u011f\u0131lan sporangia ile enfeksiyon<\/li><\/ul><p><u>Toprak nem ko\u015fullar\u0131 hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Sporangia toprak g\u00f6zenekleri kurudu\u011funda olu\u015fur ve toprak doydu\u011funda (toprak g\u00f6zenekleri suyla doldu\u011funda) zoosporlar\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Hastal\u0131k genellikle yo\u011fun ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama veya k\u00f6t\u00fc drene edilmi\u015f toprak ile ili\u015fkilidir. S\u0131k sulama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. S\u0131cak ko\u015fullar hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir.<\/u><\/p><p><em>Edebiyat:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Babadoost, M. ve S.Z Islam. 2003. Fungisit tohum uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n Phytophthora capsici'nin neden oldu\u011fu balkaba\u011f\u0131 fide kurumas\u0131 \u00fczerine etkileri. Plant Dis. 87:63-68.<\/li><li>Erwin, D.C. ve O.K. Ribeiro. 1996. D\u00fcnya \u00c7ap\u0131nda Phytophthora Hastal\u0131klar\u0131. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.<\/li><li>Hausbeck, M. K. ve K.H. Lamour. 2004. Sebze bitkilerinde Phytophthora capsici: \u0130lerleme ve zorluklar. Plant Dis. 88:1292-1303.<\/li><li>Islam, S.Z., M. Babadoost, K. Lambert, A. Ndeme ve H.M. Fouly. 2005. Illinois'de i\u015flenen balkaba\u011f\u0131ndan elde edilen Phytophthora capsici izolatlar\u0131n\u0131n karakterizasyonu. Plant Dis. 89:191-197.<\/li><li>Lamour, K.H. ve M.K. Hausbeck. 2000. Michigan kabakgil tarlalar\u0131nda Mefenoxam duyars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Phytophthora capsici'nin e\u015feysel evresi. Phytopathology 90:396-400.<\/li><li>Lee, B.K., B.S. Kim, S.W. Chang ve B.K. Hwany. 2001. Kabak ve biberden izole edilen Phytophthora capsici izolatlar\u0131n\u0131n agresifli\u011fi. Plant Dis. 85:797-800.<\/li><li>Leonian, L.H. 1922. Phytophthora capsici'nin neden oldu\u011fu biber k\u00f6k ve meyve yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Phytopathology 12:401-408.<\/li><li>Papavizas, G.S., J.H. Bowers, ve S.A. Johnston. 1981. Phytophthora capsici'nin topraktan se\u00e7ici izolasyonu. Phytopathology 71:129-133.<\/li><li>Ristaino, J.B. 1990. Kuzey Carolina'daki biber ve kabakgil tarlalar\u0131ndan elde edilen Phytophthora capsici izolatlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcrler aras\u0131 varyasyon. Phytopathology 80:1253-1259.<\/li><li>Ristaino, J. B. ve S.A. Johnston. 1999. Dolmal\u0131k biberde Phytophthora yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ekolojik temelli yakla\u015f\u0131mlar. Plant Dis. 83:1080-1089.<\/li><li>Stamps, D.J. 1985. Phytophthora capsici. Commonw. Mycol. Inst. Patojenik Mantar ve Bakteri Tan\u0131mlar\u0131 No. 836.<\/li><li>Stamps, D.J., G.M. Waterhouse, F.J. Newhook, ve G.S. Hall. 1990. Phytophthora t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f tablo anahtar\u0131. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Int. Mycol. Inst. Mycol. Pap. 162.<\/li><li>Tian, D. ve M. Babadoost. 2003. Illinois'den Phytophthora capsici izolatlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda genetik varyasyon. Phytopathology 93:S84. Yay\u0131n no. P-2003-0613-AMA.<\/li><li>Zitter, T.A., D.L. Hopkins, ve C.E. Thomas. 1996. Kabakgil Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zeti. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-374330e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"374330e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8afc0c7\" data-id=\"8afc0c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbb5b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2dbb5b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33f568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e33f568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6nerilen ekipman<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e35db9 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e35db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c1c7ea\" data-id=\"7c1c7ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55d2c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55d2c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn potansiyel hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in hangi sens\u00f6r setinin gerekli oldu\u011funu kontrol edin.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e157059\" data-id=\"e157059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b07e59 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7b07e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ELEKTRONIK TABLOYU INDIR<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chilli, eggplant and paprika disease models Pepper is an important commercial vegetable crop worldwide. Production of pepper is often severely limited by one or more disease problems. This content describes the symptoms of several commonly observed diseases and the models used for its prediction in FieldClimate. ALTERNARIA AND TOMCAST &#8211;Alternaria solani POWDERY MILDEWRISK MODEL GREY [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49317","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chilli, eggplant and paprika disease models Pepper is an important commercial vegetable crop worldwide. 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