{"id":43691,"date":"2022-06-29T07:57:08","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T07:57:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=43691"},"modified":"2024-02-09T09:23:50","modified_gmt":"2024-02-09T09:23:50","slug":"disease-models-almond-pistachio-walnut","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/tr\/disease-models-almond-pistachio-walnut\/","title":{"rendered":"Hastal\u0131k modelleri - badem, antep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, ceviz"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"badem,\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Badem, Antep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ceviz<\/b> hastal\u0131k modelleri\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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CEVIZ ANTRAKNOZU - <\/br>Gnomonia Leptostyla<\/em>\n\n<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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CEVIZ YANIKLI\u011eI - <\/br>Xanthomonas Arboricola pv. Juglandis<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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YAPRAK LEKESI HASTALI\u011eI - <\/br>Alternaria Alternata<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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KAHVERENG\u0130 ROT -<\/br>Monilia spp.<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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BADEM \u00dcZERINDE PAS -<\/br>Tranzschelia discolor<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ceviz Antraknozu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ceviz antraknozu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na mantar patojeni Gnomonia leptostyla (kusurlu evre: Marssonina juglandis) neden olur ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fu siyah ceviz a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (Juglans nigra L.) enfekte eder, ancak butternut, \u0130ran veya \u0130ngiliz cevizi, Hinds cevizi ve Kaliforniya cevizi \u00e7e\u015fitleri de enfekte olur.<\/p>

Ceviz a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 patojene kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir, ancak fungal patojen i\u00e7in en uygun ko\u015fullar sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck duyarl\u0131 olanlar bile enfekte olur. Ceviz antraknozu d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

Semptomlar<\/h3>

Yapraklar, kabuklu yemi\u015fler ve bazen de s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayabilir. Enfekte yapraklarda dairesel veya d\u00fczensiz dairesel k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck koyu kahverengi veya siyah lekeler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu lekelerin say\u0131s\u0131 artar, geni\u015fler ve genellikle birle\u015ferek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00fc alanlar olu\u015fturur. Sar\u0131ms\u0131 ila alt\u0131n sar\u0131s\u0131 yaprak dokusu genellikle bu lekeleri \u00e7evreler. Enfekte yapraklar ve yaprak\u00e7\u0131klar genellikle erken d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr, ancak baz\u0131 enfekte yaprak\u00e7\u0131klar genellikle mevsimin \u00e7o\u011funda a\u011faca ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>

Erken yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n kalitesini ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini etkiler. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 genellikle koyu renkli, \u00e7ekici olmayan ve buru\u015fmu\u015f ete sahiptir. Enfekte f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n kabuklar\u0131nda, yapraklardakinden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, bat\u0131k, nekrotik lekeler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015fken hastal\u0131kl\u0131 hale gelen f\u0131nd\u0131klar normal \u015fekilde geli\u015fmez ve \u00e7o\u011fu erken d\u00fc\u015fer. Lezyonlar, nadiren sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan mevcut s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve ovalden d\u00fczensiz dairesel olan ve koyu, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi kenarlar\u0131 olan a\u00e7\u0131k, grimsi kahverengi \u00f6l\u00fc, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck alanlar olu\u015fturur.<\/p>

Mantar patojeninin ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h3>

Perithecia<\/u> k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda olu\u015fur 7\u00b0C-10\u00b0C aras\u0131nda<\/u>. E\u015feyli, spor ta\u015f\u0131yan perithecia olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in iki uyumlu su\u015f gereklidir. Her bir peritekiyum i\u00e7inde, her biri sekiz askospor i\u00e7eren bir\u00e7ok asci geli\u015fir. Askosporlar bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r<\/u> Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bahar havalar\u0131nda perithecium'dan \u00e7\u0131kar ve r\u00fczgarla yapraklara ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Sporlar\u0131n bo\u015falmas\u0131 ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ya\u011fmura ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. En uygun s\u0131cakl\u0131k 10\u00b0C'nin \u00fczerinde<\/u>. R\u00fczgar ve ya\u011fmurun s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 sporlar\u0131 enfeksiyonlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yeni ye\u015fil yapraklara ta\u015f\u0131r. Belirtiler May\u0131s ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>

Enfekte yapraklarda siyah k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck e\u015feysiz meyve g\u00f6vdeleri (acervuli) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 18\u00b0C'de bu akervuluslar\u0131n \u00fcretimi en y\u00fcksek seviyededir ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da konidya \u00fcretirler. Konidiler ikincil enfeksiyon kayna\u011f\u0131na neden olur<\/u> (haziran-sonbahar aylar\u0131nda). Ya\u011fmur s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yaprak y\u00fczeyinde 6 saatten fazla serbest nem kalmas\u0131 gerekir. Enfeksiyon i\u00e7in en uygun s\u0131cakl\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k 21\u00b0C'dir. Belirtiler 2-3 haftal\u0131k ink\u00fcbasyondan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>

Elveri\u015fsiz ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda (kuru ko\u015fullar) sporlar birka\u00e7 hafta hayatta kalabilir. Mantar patojeni d\u00f6k\u00fclen yapraklarda k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir<\/u> (perithecia olarak) veya ceviz dallar\u0131nda (sporlar).<\/p>

FieldClimate s\u0131cakl\u0131k, ya\u011fmur ve yaprak nemine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda enfeksiyon ve askosporlar\u0131n bo\u015falma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ceviz Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bakteriyel hastal\u0131k Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis<\/i>ceviz yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bakteri, enfekte olmu\u015f tomurcuklarda ve kediciklerde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir. En y\u00fcksek bakteri pop\u00fclasyonuna sahip tomurcuklar, yan\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek olanlard\u0131r. Erken ilkbahar b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bakteriler geli\u015fmekte olan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ve f\u0131nd\u0131klar boyunca yay\u0131l\u0131r. Ya\u011fmur damlalar\u0131yla di\u011fer s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere ve a\u011fa\u00e7lara \u00e7ok az ikincil yay\u0131lma oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu da bir a\u011fa\u00e7 veya meyve bah\u00e7esi i\u00e7inde yerel enfeksiyon merkezlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur. \u00c7i\u00e7eklenmeden hemen \u00f6nce ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 hafta boyunca s\u0131k ve uzun s\u00fcreli ya\u011fmur, bu yerel enfeksiyon merkezlerinde \u015fiddetli yan\u0131kl\u0131k salg\u0131nlar\u0131na neden olur. Bu, f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n en hassas oldu\u011fu zamand\u0131r.<\/p>

Semptomlar<\/h3>

Yapraklarda enfeksiyon ilk olarak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi lekeler \u015feklinde, g\u00f6vdelerde ise genellikle s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri \u00e7evreleyen siyah, hafif \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck lekeler \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Gen\u00e7, enfekte yaprak ve katkin tomurcuklar\u0131 koyu kahverengi veya siyaha d\u00f6ner ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00f6l\u00fcr. Hastal\u0131k, \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlarda siyah s\u00fcm\u00fcks\u00fc lekelere neden oldu\u011fu f\u0131nd\u0131klarda ciddidir. Organizma kabu\u011fa, kabu\u011fa ve bazen de yenilebilir ete n\u00fcfuz eder. Sezon sonu enfeksiyonu kabuklarda siyah halkalar olu\u015fturur.<\/p>

Bakteriyel hastal\u0131k, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 10-28\u00b0C oldu\u011fu \u0131l\u0131k ve \u0131l\u0131man mevsimlerde, hafif ve s\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar ile \u015fiddetli r\u00fczgarlar ve \u00e7iyler taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilir. Ya\u011fmur s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 ile yerel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Yaprak lekesi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Alternaria alternata<\/i> \u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli konuk\u00e7u bitkilerde yaprak lekesi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmelere ve yan\u0131kl\u0131klara neden olur. Mantar f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 patojenlere aittir.<\/p>

Semptomlar<\/h3>

Alternaria yaprak lekesi, yapraklarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 12-18 mm \u00e7ap\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck kahverengi lekeler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Mantar, siyah lekeler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen sporlar \u00fcretir. Yaprak lekesi en h\u0131zl\u0131 Haziran ve Temmuz aylar\u0131nda geli\u015fir ve hastal\u0131k \u015fiddetli oldu\u011funda a\u011fa\u00e7lar yaz ba\u015f\u0131nda neredeyse tamamen yapraks\u0131z kalabilir. Hastal\u0131k, \u00e7i\u011flerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu, nemin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ve havan\u0131n durgun oldu\u011fu yerlerde en \u015fiddetli \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>

Alternaria yaprak lekesi, Central Valley'de herhangi bir yerde yeti\u015ftirilen badem a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir, ancak nadiren kuzey San Joaquin Vadisi'nde tedavi gerektirecek kadar \u015fiddetli olur. G\u00fcney San Joaquin Vadisi ve kuzey Sacramento Vadisi'ndeki a\u011fa\u00e7larda en ciddi \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>

Hastal\u0131k d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h3>

Mantar\u0131n e\u015feysiz sporlar\u0131 kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli ve pigmentlidir ve kuru hava gibi olumsuz ko\u015fullar\u0131 tolere edebilir. Sporlar yapraklarda ve daha az say\u0131da olmak \u00fczere meyvelerde, a\u011fa\u00e7ta kalan dallarda ve yaprak altl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcretilir. K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi duyarl\u0131 doku bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, mantar olgun yapraklar, dallar ve meyveler \u00fczerinde hayatta kal\u0131r. Spor \u00fcretimi \u015fu durumlarda en y\u00fcksek seviyededir ba\u011f\u0131l nem 85%'nin \u00fczerindedir<\/u>. Sporlar hava yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve havaya sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde tetiklenir ya\u011fmur ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 <\/u>ya da ba\u011f\u0131l nemdeki keskin bir de\u011fi\u015fimle. Sporlar serbest kald\u0131ktan sonra r\u00fczgar yoluyla enfekte olabilecekleri hassas dokulara ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar uygun oldu\u011funda 20-29\u00b0C<\/u>enfeksiyon i\u00e7in gereken \u0131slanma s\u00fcresinin uzunlu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 8-10 saattir. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar 17\u00b0C'nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veya 32\u00b0C'nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, fungus \u00f6nemli enfeksiyonlara neden olmak i\u00e7in daha uzun yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcrelerine (>24 saat) ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.<\/p>

Olduk\u00e7a duyarl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerde, 6 saat gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 enfeksiyonlara neden olabilir. Enfeksiyonlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu muhtemelen bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olay\u0131n\u0131 takip eder, ancak \u00e7i\u011f enfeksiyona neden olmak i\u00e7in yeterli olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130srail ve \u0130spanya'da ta\u00e7 yapra\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra \u00e7ok az ya\u011fmur ya\u011far, ancak yine de sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00f6nemli bir enfeksiyona sahip olabilirler a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7iylerin<\/u>.<\/p>

Hastal\u0131k modelleri<\/h3>

Hastal\u0131k modelinin k\u00f6keni\u00a0UC IPM<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>

Model bir hesaplar\u00a0g\u00fcnl\u00fck hastal\u0131k \u015fiddeti de\u011feri (DSV)<\/u>\u00a0(Tomato'daki TomCast ile benzer model).<\/p>

Hastal\u0131k \u015fiddeti de\u011ferleri, bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerindeki ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Fungisit uygulamas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda \u00f6nerilir\u00a07 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde 10 DSV veya daha y\u00fcksek birikmi\u015f endeks de\u011ferine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/u>.<\/p>

ORTALAMA SICAKLIKLAR\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t (C) \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Yaprak \u0131slakl\u0131k s\u00fcresi (saat)<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t <\/tr>\n\t\t\t <\/thead>\n\t\t\t \t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15-17\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-6\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u2013\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.1-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4-8\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-22\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20.1-25\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-2\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3-5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6-12\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t25.1-29\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4-8\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDVS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t \t\t\t <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Baz\u0131 meyve bah\u00e7elerinde, Alternaria sp. kinon d\u0131\u015f inhibit\u00f6r\u00fc (QoI) fungisitlere (strobilurinler olarak da bilinir) ve s\u00fcksinat dehidrojenaz inhibit\u00f6r\u00fc (SDHI) fungisitlere kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 belgelenmi\u015ftir; bu bah\u00e7elerde FRAC etki modu Grup numaras\u0131 7 veya 11 fungisitleri kullanmay\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>

Y\u00f6netim<\/h3>

Hastal\u0131k ilk olarak a\u00e7\u0131kta kalan yapraklarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve en \u015fiddetlidir. A\u00e7\u0131k ve yay\u0131lan bir g\u00f6lgelik i\u00e7in e\u011fitilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar genellikle daha \u015fiddetli Alternaria yaprak lekesine sahiptir. Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u0131ral\u0131 olarak dikilen a\u011fa\u00e7larda, kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u0131ral\u0131 olarak dikilen bah\u00e7elere g\u00f6re daha \u015fiddetli hastal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. En duyarl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitler aras\u0131nda Carmel, Sonora, Monterey, Winters ve Butte yer al\u0131r. Nisan ay\u0131ndan Haziran ay\u0131na kadar hastal\u0131k belirtilerini izleyin. \u0130zleme Alternaria'n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyorsa, Nisan ortas\u0131 gibi ilkbahar sonu tedavilerine ba\u015flay\u0131n. Hastal\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan bah\u00e7elerde, Nisan ortas\u0131ndan sonuna kadar ve 2 ila 3 hafta sonra tedavi edin.<\/p>

Kaynak:<\/i><\/p>