{"id":49564,"date":"2022-12-02T11:31:37","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T11:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49564"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:46","slug":"disease-models-lettuce","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-lettuce\/","title":{"rendered":"Modele de boli - salat\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49564\" class=\"elementor elementor-49564\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-adc99b6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"adc99b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d135edb\" data-id=\"d135edb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407a707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"407a707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49599\" alt=\"Modele de boli - salat\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-lettuce-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eecdb7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eecdb7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3aae8e0\" data-id=\"3aae8e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c22c15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c22c15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Salat\u0103 verde <\/b>modele de boli\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ab6c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ab6c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Miliul pufos, mucegaiul cenu\u0219iu \u0219i petele foliare ale salatei:<\/strong>\u00a0Salata verde este sensibil\u0103 la diver\u0219i agen\u021bi patogeni fungici (<em>Bremia lactucae, Botrytis cinerea, Septoria lactucae, Cercospora longissima, Microdochium panattonianum<\/em>) \u0219i agen\u021bi patogeni bacterieni (<em>Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians<\/em>) care provoac\u0103 daune pe frunze, mucegai \u00een c\u0103p\u0103\u021b\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i pete pe frunze. Deoarece frunza este produsul recoltat, mucegaiul pufos, mucegaiul cenu\u0219iu \u0219i petele foliare pot provoca pagube considerabile \u00een condi\u021bii de mediu adecvate. \u00cen versiunea actual\u0103\u00a0<u>FieldClimate ofer\u0103 modele pentru infec\u021bia cu putregai, un model de infec\u021bie pentru antracnoz\u0103 \u0219i un model de risc pentru mucegaiul cenu\u0219iu.<\/u>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab21ecb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab21ecb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b41fe1\" data-id=\"3b41fe1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878c5c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"878c5c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#lettuce-downy-mildew\">DOWNY MILDEW -<\/br><em>Bremia lactucae<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-00c1457\" data-id=\"00c1457\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b071b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58b071b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#lettuce-anthracnose\">ANTRACNOZA -<\/br><em>Microdochium panattonianumis<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a283ec\" data-id=\"3a283ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c277af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c277af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#lettuce-grey-mould\">MOULD GREY -<\/br><em>B. cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1a9832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1a9832\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51b3a1b\" data-id=\"51b3a1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dfa6d7 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0dfa6d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Echipament recomandat<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae60961 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae60961\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c472b78\" data-id=\"c472b78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf58a3a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bf58a3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba538b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba538b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45c4074\" data-id=\"45c4074\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58f113a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"58f113a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"lettuce-downy-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e537a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e537a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Miliardul pufos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe6995f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe6995f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mucegaiul (<em>Bremia lactucae<\/em>) este o boal\u0103 fungic\u0103 frecvent\u0103 a salatei \u00een regiunile de cre\u0219tere mai reci. \u00cen unele zone, cultivatorii raporteaz\u0103 c\u0103 60% (sau mai mult) din totalul aplica\u021biilor de fungicide pulverizate pe o cultur\u0103 de salat\u0103 vizeaz\u0103 \u00een mod specific aceast\u0103 boal\u0103. Un program care asigur\u0103 un control bun al bolii, dar care reduce utilizarea fungicidelor pentru combaterea mildiu, ar reduce semnificativ utilizarea total\u0103 de pesticide pentru salat\u0103.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Simptomele foliare ale mildiului pufos se manifest\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i sub forma unor pete unghiulare de culoare galben deschis, delimitate de nervurile frunzei. Primele frunze ale plantei de salat\u0103 sau frunzele mai b\u0103tr\u00e2ne, apropiate de sol, sunt, de obicei, primele care prezint\u0103 simptome. Partea inferioar\u0103 a frunzei opus\u0103 petei galbene va prezenta mase albe de spori \u00eentre 7 \u0219i 14 zile de la infectare. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce masa de spori se m\u0103re\u0219te, cap\u0103t\u0103 un aspect alb, pufos; de aici \u0219i denumirea de \"mildiu pufos\".<\/p><h3>Agen\u021bi patogeni<\/h3><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ciclul de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i cerin\u021bele organismului:<\/span>\u00a0Infec\u021bia are loc atunci c\u00e2nd un spor (conidiu) de mucegai germineaz\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103trunde \u00een frunza de salat\u0103 prin penetrarea direct\u0103 a celulelor epidermice. De asemenea, are loc \u0219i intrarea prin stomatele frunzei. Colonizarea are loc atunci c\u00e2nd hifele intercelulare ale ciupercii cresc \u0219i p\u0103trund \u00een noile celule ale frunzei de salat\u0103, utiliz\u00e2nd substan\u021bele nutritive care se g\u0103sesc \u00een aceste celule vegetale. Aceast\u0103 infec\u021bie sistemic\u0103 se poate dezvolta rapid. \u00cen cazul \u00een care condi\u021biile meteorologice sunt favorabile, are loc sporularea atunci c\u00e2nd hifele se acumuleaz\u0103 sub stomatele frunzelor. Conidioforii care poart\u0103 conidii ies din stomate. V\u00e2ntul disemineaz\u0103 conidiile pentru a repeta procesul de infectare. Conidiile se pot transforma, de asemenea, \u00een zoospori care fie infecteaz\u0103 direct \u021besutul foliar, fie se \u00eenciseaz\u0103 pentru o infectare ulterioar\u0103.<\/p><p>Ciclul de via\u021b\u0103 al\u00a0<em>Bremia lactucae<\/em>, agentul patogen al putregaiului l\u0103ptucii\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Condi\u021bii pentru sporula\u021bie:<\/span>\u00a0La fel ca \u00een cazul tuturor agen\u021bilor patogeni ai putregaiului, sporula\u021bia are loc \u00een timpul nop\u021bii, \u00een condi\u021bii de umiditate relativ\u0103 ridicat\u0103 \u0219i temperatur\u0103 suficient\u0103.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Condi\u021bii pentru dispersia sporilor:<\/span>\u00a0Sc\u0103derea umidit\u0103\u021bii relative sau r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui par a fi responsabile pentru dispersia sporilor.<\/p><h3><strong>FieldClimate Modelul de infec\u021bie cu mucegai de jos<\/strong><\/h3><p>Modelul se bazeaz\u0103 pe activitatea desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 \u00een grupul lui Arianne Van Bruggen din UCDavis. L-am adoptat pentru un climat \u00een care ploaia poate fi sursa umezelii frunzelor \u00een timpul verii. Factorii climatici \u0219i epidemiologici cheie sunt::<\/p><ul><li>Sporula\u021bie determinat\u0103 de \u00centuneric<br \/>- Umiditate relativ\u0103 (mai mult dec\u00e2t 85%)<br \/>- Temperatura aerului (optim\u0103: 15\u00b0C-23\u00b0C)<\/li><li>Dispersia sporilor determinat\u0103 de<br \/>- Diminea\u021ba urm\u0103toare (roua p\u00e2n\u0103 la 10:00)<br \/>- Ploaia (Experien\u021ba noastr\u0103 cu bolile de tip Downy Mildew)<\/li><li>Infec\u021bie determinat\u0103 de<br \/>- Umezeala frunzelor<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Condi\u021bii de infec\u021bie:<\/span>\u00a0La fel ca \u0219i al\u021bi patogeni ai mucegaiului pufos, umezeala frunzelor este necesar\u0103 pentru infectare. O perioad\u0103 medie de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor de 4 ore a fost suficient\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile de teren de pe coasta central\u0103 a Californiei pentru a permite infec\u021biile.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Coasta Central\u0103 Coasta Central\u0103 Mildew Regul\u0103:<\/span>\u00a0A\u0219tepta\u021bi-v\u0103 la infec\u021bii dac\u0103 perioada de rou\u0103 de diminea\u021b\u0103 dureaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la ora 10:00 diminea\u021ba.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">FieldClimate Rezultatele modelului de infec\u021bie cu mucegaiuri FieldClimate<\/span><\/p><ul><li>Data \u0219i ora pentru<\/li><li>Infec\u021bii u\u0219oare<\/li><li>Infec\u021bii moderate<\/li><li>Infec\u021bii severe<\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>FieldClimate Model de infec\u021bie cu putregai, reguli pentru infec\u021bie<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li>Sporul de lumin\u0103 \u0219i roua au ca rezultat infec\u021bia cu lumin\u0103<\/li><li>Infec\u021biile u\u0219oare se termin\u0103 dup\u0103 3 ore de umezire a frunzelor<\/li><li>Sporula\u021bia u\u0219oar\u0103 \u0219i 2 mm de ploaie pot duce la o infec\u021bie moderat\u0103<\/li><li>Sporula\u021bia moderat\u0103 \u0219i roua pot duce la o infec\u021bie moderat\u0103<\/li><li>Sporul moderat \u0219i 5 mm de ploaie pot duce la infec\u021bii severe<\/li><li>Infec\u021biile moderate \u0219i severe se termin\u0103 dup\u0103 4 ore de umezire a frunzelor<\/li><\/ul><p><em>Literatur\u0103:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Su, H., van Bruggen, A. H. C., \u0219i Subbarao, K. V. 2000. Eliberarea sporilor de Bremia lactucae pe salat\u0103 este afectat\u0103 de momentul ini\u021bierii luminii \u0219i de sc\u0103derea umidit\u0103\u021bii relative. Phytopathology 90:67-71.<\/li><li>Su,H. van Bruggen, A.H.C., Subbarao, K.V. \u0219i Scherm, H. 2004. Sporularea Bremia lactucae afectat\u0103 de temperatur\u0103, umiditate relativ\u0103 \u0219i v\u00e2nt \u00een condi\u021bii controlate. Fitopatologie 94:396-401<\/li><li>Padgett-Johnson, M. \u0219i Laemmlen, F. M\u0102CELUL DE L\u0102CUST\u0102 (Bremia lactucae): Biologie, simptome ale bolii \u0219i pagube. Utilizarea modelului indexului de indice de putregai pentru gestionarea bolii<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8781b24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8781b24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c122cbe\" data-id=\"c122cbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ae80e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"30ae80e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-136c096 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"136c096\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd42c89\" data-id=\"cd42c89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a31d98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"1a31d98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"lettuce-anthracnose\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eef549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9eef549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antracnoz\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9ac685 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9ac685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antracnoza l\u0103ptucii cauzat\u0103 de\u00a0<em>Microdochium panattonianumis<\/em>\u00a0este o boal\u0103 important\u0103 a salatei la nivel mondial. Primele simptome ale antracnozei apar sub forma unor leziuni mici, circulare sau unghiulare, \u00eembibate cu ap\u0103, pe frunzele inferioare. Centrele leziunilor se necrozeaz\u0103 \u0219i deseori cad, d\u00e2nd un aspect de gaur\u0103 de \u00eempu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103. Pe nervuri apar leziuni asem\u0103n\u0103toare \u00eenfundate, care formeaz\u0103 gropi\u021be de-a lungul nervurilor mediane. \u00cen cazul unor focare severe, leziunile de antracnoz\u0103 se unesc \u0219i \u021besuturile frunzelor devin maro, put\u00e2nd duce la pierderea \u00eentregii culturi. Agentul patogen este capabil s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103 \u00een resturile infestate.<\/p><p><u>Microsclerotia<\/u>\u00a0au fost raportate ca surs\u0103 de inoculum \u0219i pot supravie\u021bui \u00een sol p\u00e2n\u0103 la 4 ani. Ploaia, apa liber\u0103, stropii de ap\u0103 \u0219i vremea rece \u0219i umed\u0103 sunt importante \u00een dispersia propagulelor fungice \u0219i a conidiilor pe frunzele inferioare pentru ini\u021bierea bolii. Deoarece agentul patogen este favorizat de\u00a0<u>umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor, condi\u021bii reci \u0219i umiditate ridicat\u0103<\/u>.<\/p><h3><strong>Antracnoza: Condi\u021bii de infectare<\/strong><\/h3><p><u>Ap\u0103 gratuit\u0103<\/u>\u00a0de la ploaie, rou\u0103 sau irigare prin aspersiune este necesar\u0103 pentru dispersarea sporilor, germinarea \u0219i infectarea cu acest agent patogen. Ciuperca infecteaz\u0103 plantele prin stomate sau p\u0103trunde direct \u00een frunze.<\/p><ul><li>The <u>temperatura optim\u0103<\/u>\u00a0pentru infec\u021bie este la\u00a0<u>20\u00b0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 22\u00b0C<\/u>.<\/li><li>Infec\u021bia se poate produce \u00eentr-un interval cuprins \u00eentre 5\u00b0 \u0219i 30\u00b0C.<\/li><li>Sporii pot germina \u0219i se pot infecta \u00een doar 2-4 ore, dac\u0103 frunzele sunt umede \u00een mod continuu.<\/li><li>Microsclerotia are nevoie de 4-6 ore \u00een condi\u021bii optime pentru germinare \u0219i infectare.<\/li><li>Sporii sunt produ\u0219i \u00een leziunile de pe frunze \u0219i sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u021bi pe alte frunze \u00een principal prin stropire cu ap\u0103.<\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Modelul de infec\u021bie cu antracnoz\u0103 FieldClimate<\/strong><\/h3><p>Modelul este ini\u021biat de ploaie \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 regula temperaturii, a duratei de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor \u0219i a temperaturii, reprezentat\u0103 \u00een graficul al\u0103turat.<\/p><p>\u00cen FieldClimate se stabilesc dou\u0103 modalit\u0103\u021bi de infectare:<\/p><p>a) Infec\u021bia cu conidii<br \/>b) Infec\u021bia cu microsclerotien<\/p><p>La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii iunie, at\u00e2t conidiile, c\u00e2t \u0219i microsclerotienii au avut condi\u021bii favorabile pentru a infecta \u021besuturile plantelor.<\/p><p><em>Literatur\u0103:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Microdochium panattonianum B. Sutton, Galea &amp; Price APPS Patogenul lunii februarie 2009<br \/>ANTRACNOZA PE L\u0102T\u0102M\u00c2IE, Boli ale plantelor Serviciul de extensie al Universit\u0103\u021bii de stat din Washington<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e1e94f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e1e94f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3cd96dd\" data-id=\"3cd96dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e9cca1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2e9cca1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d6c0d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d6c0d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-056d374\" data-id=\"056d374\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7e8e1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"f7e8e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"lettuce-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6039b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d6039b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mucegai gri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef14386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef14386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0infec\u021biile sunt legate de umiditatea liber\u0103. \u00cen\u00a0<strong>c\u00e2mp deschis<\/strong>\u00a0umezeala frunzelor de produc\u021bie este un bun indicator \u00een acest sens. \u00cen\u00a0<strong>cas\u0103 verde<\/strong>\u00a0\u00cen produc\u021bie, exist\u0103 o problem\u0103 \u00een m\u0103surarea reprezentativ\u0103 a umezelii frunzelor \u0219i, prin urmare, temperatura aerului \u0219i punctul de rou\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie utilizate \u0219i ca indicator al umidit\u0103\u021bii libere.<\/p><p>FieldClimate indic\u0103 riscul de\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0pe baza perioadelor de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor \u0219i a temperaturii din timpul acestor perioade. Se presupune c\u0103 perioada de infec\u021bie este \u00eencheiat\u0103 dup\u0103 o perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor indicat\u0103 de graficul al\u0103turat. O astfel de perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor va cre\u0219te riscul cu 30%. \u00cen cazul \u00een care riscul este mai mare dec\u00e2t 0, fiecare perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor mai mare de 4 ore va cre\u0219te riscul cu acela\u0219i raport.<\/p><p>O zi cu o perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor mai scurt\u0103 de 4 ore se consider\u0103 a fi o zi uscat\u0103 \u0219i va reduce cifra de risc cu 20% din valoarea real\u0103.<\/p><p>Acela\u0219i model este utilizat pentru calcularea mucegaiului cenu\u0219iu \u00een culturile de c\u0103p\u0219uni.<\/p><p>Graficul indic\u0103 o perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor care duce la\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0riscul de 30%. Zilele secetoase vor reduce din nou riscul.<\/p><p><em>Botrytis<\/em> riscul \u00een produc\u021bia \u00een c\u00e2mp deschis, determinat de temperatur\u0103 \u0219i de perioadele de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor.<\/p><h3><strong>Utilizarea practic\u0103 a modelului de mucegai gri<\/strong><\/h3><p>Modelul indic\u0103 perioadele cu risc de\u00a0<em>Botrytis<\/em>\u00a0infec\u021bie. Cu c\u00e2t perioada de risc este mai lung\u0103 \u0219i cu c\u00e2t riscul este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t cre\u0219te probabilitatea \u0219i num\u0103rul de infec\u021bii. Riscul care este acceptabil depinde foarte mult de marketing. Cultivatorii care v\u00e2nd c\u0103tre supermaketuri nu-\u0219i vor asuma niciun risc la \u00eenceputul sezonului, \u0219tiind c\u0103 fructele infectate \u00een sine \u00eei vor costa pia\u021ba. \u00cen schimb, comercian\u021bii direc\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i pot asuma un risc mai mare pe tot parcursul sezonului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-289c5f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"289c5f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a9d9b70\" data-id=\"a9d9b70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"05e3330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d265fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d265fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Echipament recomandat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d814588 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d814588\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06d3619\" data-id=\"06d3619\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6478a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c6478a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Verifica\u021bi ce set de senzori este necesar pentru monitorizarea bolilor poten\u021biale ale acestei culturi.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ac411a\" data-id=\"9ac411a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b45ec6c elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b45ec6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DESC\u0102RCA\u021aI FOAIA DE CALCUL<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lettuce disease models Downy Mildew, Grey Mould and Leaf Spots of Lettuce:\u00a0Lettuce is susceptible to various fungal pathogens (Bremia lactucae, Botrytis cinerea, Septoria lactucae, Cercospora longissima, Microdochium panattonianum) and bacterial pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians) causing damages on leafs, mould in the head and leaf spots. Because the leaf is the harvested product, Downy Mildew, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_front_end_style_editor":"no","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49564","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49564"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49564\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120494,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49564\/revisions\/120494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}