{"id":49317,"date":"2022-12-01T13:59:30","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T13:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49317"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:16","slug":"disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","title":{"rendered":"Modele de boli - ardei iute, vinete \u0219i ardei iute"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49317\" class=\"elementor elementor-49317\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-500122d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"500122d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c4fe39\" data-id=\"7c4fe39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83f9415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"83f9415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49498\" alt=\"Modele de boli - ardei iute, vinete \u0219i ardei iute\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02baba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02baba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30e9be\" data-id=\"e30e9be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb46eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5eb46eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Ardei iute, vinete \u0219i ardei iute <\/b>modele de boli\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd8a2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd8a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Piperul este o cultur\u0103 legumicol\u0103 comercial\u0103 important\u0103 la nivel mondial. Produc\u021bia de ardei este deseori grav limitat\u0103 de una sau mai multe probleme legate de boli. Acest con\u021binut descrie simptomele mai multor boli frecvent observate \u0219i modelele utilizate pentru predic\u021bia acestora \u00een FieldClimate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f925395 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f925395\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-248525a\" data-id=\"248525a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4968852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4968852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-alternaria-and-tomcast\">ALTERNARIA \u0218I TOMCAST -<\/br><em>Alternaria solani <\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8056\" data-id=\"dfd8056\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b79bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b79bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-powdery-mildew\">LAPTE PRAF<\/br>MODELUL DE RISC<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a51271\" data-id=\"1a51271\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77556d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77556d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-grey-mould\">MOULD GREY -<\/br><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c142a83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c142a83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-406680a\" data-id=\"406680a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca3781 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ca3781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#chilli-eggplant-paprika-phytophthora-blight\">PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT -<\/br><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f6fea8\" data-id=\"8f6fea8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b6393e\" data-id=\"7b6393e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3825854 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3825854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7475ed9\" data-id=\"7475ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04d3529 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"04d3529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Echipament recomandat<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e841975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e841975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c355ed\" data-id=\"0c355ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e875f3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7e875f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0d41fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0d41fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e49411f\" data-id=\"e49411f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b31205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0b31205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-alternaria-and-tomcast\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc85f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc85f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alternaria \u0219i TomCast<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60cb569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"60cb569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89308c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89308c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Alternaria<\/h3><p><em>Alternaria solani<\/em>\u00a0provoac\u0103 ocazional pete pe frunzele de ardei.\u00a0<em>Alternaria alternata<\/em>\u00a0poate provoca putrezirea fructelor, \u00een special \u00een urma arsurii solare sau a putregaiului terminal al florilor. Arsura solar\u0103 pe fructele de ardei apare, de obicei, atunci c\u00e2nd frunzi\u0219ul este rar \u0219i ardeii sunt expu\u0219i la lumina soarelui. Leziunea devine bronzat\u0103 \u0219i se mic\u0219oreaz\u0103 \u0219i poate p\u0103rea \u00eembibat\u0103 cu ap\u0103. Atunci c\u00e2nd Alternaria colonizeaz\u0103 aceste leziuni, ele devin maro ciocolatiu spre negru, iar ciuperca poate fi eviden\u021biat\u0103 printr-o excrescen\u021b\u0103 felurit\u0103, maro \u00eenchis spre negru. Putregaiul Alternaria al fructelor poate ap\u0103rea, de asemenea, dup\u0103 recoltare.<\/p><p>Ciuperca\u00a0<u>infecteaz\u0103 tulpinile, frunzele \u0219i fructele<\/u>. Acesta poate s\u0103 \u00eencol\u021beasc\u0103 r\u0103sadurile, provoc\u00e2nd o umezire a patului germinativ. Pe frunze, petele circulare maro sunt adesea \u00eenconjurate de o zon\u0103 galben\u0103. Petele de pe frunze au inele concentrice \u00eentunecate caracteristice. De obicei, petele foliare apar mai \u00eent\u00e2i pe cele mai vechi frunze \u0219i urc\u0103 pe plant\u0103. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce boala avanseaz\u0103, ciuperca poate infecta tulpinile \u0219i fructele. Petele de pe fructe au un aspect similar cu cele de pe frunze - maro cu inele concentrice \u00eentunecate. \u00cen inelele concentrice sunt produ\u0219i spori \u00eentuneca\u021bi \u0219i pr\u0103fui\u021bi. Sporii pot fi v\u0103zu\u021bi dac\u0103 pata este atins\u0103 de un obiect de culoare deschis\u0103.<\/p><p>Ciuperca poate\u00a0<u>supravie\u021buiesc \u00een sol \u0219i \u00een reziduurile de culturi \u0219i buruieni infestate<\/u>. Poate fi transmis prin semin\u021be \u0219i\u00a0<u>transportate de v\u00e2nt, ap\u0103, insecte, muncitori \u0219i echipamente agricole<\/u>. Sporii care aterizeaz\u0103 pe plante vor germina \u0219i vor infecta frunzele atunci c\u00e2nd acestea sunt umede. Sporii pot p\u0103trunde \u00een frunze, \u00een aburi sau \u00een fructe. Ciuperca este cea mai activ\u0103\u00a0<u>\u00een timpul temperaturilor bl\u00e2nde p\u00e2n\u0103 la calde \u0219i a vremii umede<\/u>. Boala este mai grav\u0103 \u00een timpul sezonului ploios. Bacteria timpurie este mai sever\u0103 pe plantele stresate de o \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tur\u0103 mare de fructe, de atacul nematozilor sau de fertilitatea sc\u0103zut\u0103 a azotului.<\/p><p>Sensibilitatea celor mai multe soiuri de ardei la Alternaria este foarte sc\u0103zut\u0103. Prin urmare, utilizarea modelului TomCast trebuie s\u0103 adapteze pragul de ac\u021biune la sensibilitatea specific\u0103 a soiului. Vinetele sunt sensibile la Alternaria. Pentru aceast\u0103 plant\u0103, pragurile utilizate ini\u021bial la tomate sunt mai adecvate.<\/p><h3>Model TomCast<\/h3><p>Modelul TomCast este conceput pentru a evalua datele primei pulveriz\u0103ri necesare \u0219i ale intervalului de pulverizare necesar. Acesta se calculeaz\u0103 pe\u00a0<u>baza de ore cu umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor (sau umiditate relativ\u0103 mai mare de 90%) \u0219i temperatura medie \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103<\/u>. Fiecare zi este evaluat\u0103 \u00een acest sens \u0219i fiecare zi prime\u0219te o cifr\u0103 de gravitate cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre 0 \u0219i 4.<\/p><p>Pentru a evalua data primei pulveriz\u0103ri \u0219i data la care o pulverizare trebuie repetat\u0103, se utilizeaz\u0103\u00a0<u>se utilizeaz\u0103 valori de severitate acumulate<\/u>. La cultivarele de ardei cu sensibilitate sc\u0103zut\u0103, \u00een mod normal, se poate accepta o valoare ridicat\u0103 (40 \u0219i mai mult). Dup\u0103 un prejudiciu precum grindina, susceptibilitatea este mult mai mare, iar valorile de severitate acumulate trebuie reduse la 18-25. Acest prag trebuie aplicat \u0219i \u00een cazul vinetelor.<\/p><p>Ie\u0219ire \u00een Fieldclimate: Valorile de severitate sunt acumulate \u00een func\u021bie de condi\u021biile favorabile de umezeal\u0103 foliar\u0103 \u0219i temperatur\u0103 din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 (a se vedea tabelul de mai sus). \u00cen total, au fost acumulate 24 de valori de gravitate \u00een intervalul de timp observat, de la 10 iulie la 27 august. \u00cen func\u021bie de cultivar (sensibilitate) \u0219i de valoarea de severitate a leziunilor, se recomand\u0103 o aplicare prin pulverizare la aproximativ 40 SV (cultivar nesensibil, f\u0103r\u0103 leziuni) sau la aproximativ 20 SV, atunci c\u00e2nd se observ\u0103 leziuni cauzate de grindin\u0103 sau cultivarul este foarte sensibil la agentul patogen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8f02f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8f02f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-252b038\" data-id=\"252b038\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42a5a7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a42a5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ace62b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ace62b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b4ae3e\" data-id=\"0b4ae3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-304814a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"304814a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-powdery-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-376cc21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"376cc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modelul de risc pentru otr\u0103vire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9a389b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d9a389b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa70448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa70448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Mucegai pulverulent<\/h3><p>Oribusul afecteaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd frunzele plantelor de ardei. De\u0219i boala apare \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit pe frunzele mai b\u0103tr\u00e2ne chiar \u00eenainte sau \u00een momentul \u00een care fructific\u0103, se poate dezvolta \u00een orice etap\u0103 de dezvoltare a culturii. Simptomele includ cre\u0219teri petice, albe, pulverulente, care se extind \u0219i se unesc pentru a acoperi \u00eentreaga suprafa\u021b\u0103 inferioar\u0103 a frunzei. Uneori, cre\u0219terea pulverulent\u0103 este prezent\u0103 \u0219i pe suprafa\u021ba superioar\u0103 a frunzei. Frunzele cu mucegai care se dezvolt\u0103 pe suprafa\u021ba inferioar\u0103 pot prezenta o decolorare g\u0103lbuie sau maronie pe alocuri pe suprafa\u021ba superioar\u0103. Marginile frunzelor infectate se pot rostogoli \u00een sus, expun\u00e2nd dezvoltarea fungic\u0103 alb\u0103, pulverulent\u0103. Frunzele bolnave cad de pe plante \u0219i las\u0103 fructele expuse la soare, ceea ce poate duce la arsuri solare.<\/p><p>Oediul poate fi sever \u00een timpul celei mai calde perioade a verii \u0219i poate provoca pierderi mari de produc\u021bie. Agentul patogen are o gam\u0103 foarte larg\u0103 de gazde, iar inoculul de la o specie de plante gazd\u0103 poate infecta \u00eencruci\u0219at alte plante gazd\u0103. \u00cen California, inocululul de otr\u0103vire poate proveni de la culturi precum ceapa, bumbacul, ro\u0219iile, toate soiurile de ardei \u0219i buruieni, cum ar fi ciulinul anual \u0219i cire\u0219ul de p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Acest agent patogen al odiosului difer\u0103 de agen\u021bii patogeni ai odiosului din alte genuri prin faptul c\u0103 apare mai degrab\u0103 \u00een interiorul frunzei dec\u00e2t pe suprafa\u021ba acesteia. Cleistotecii (spori sexua\u021bi) din stadiul perfect Leveillula apar rar \u00een California, dar sporii asexua\u021bi (conidii) sunt produ\u0219i \u0219i disemina\u021bi de v\u00e2nt. \u00cen general, umiditatea ridicat\u0103 favorizeaz\u0103 germinarea conidiilor. Infectarea plantelor poate avea loc \u00eentr-o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de temperaturi (de la 64\u00b0 la 91\u00b0F sau de la 18\u00b0 la 33\u00b0C), at\u00e2t \u00een condi\u021bii de umiditate ridicat\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i de umiditate sc\u0103zut\u0103. \u00cen condi\u021bii favorabile, apar infec\u021bii secundare la fiecare 7-10 zile, iar boala se poate r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi rapid. Temperaturile de peste 95\u00b0F care apar frecvent \u00een v\u0103ile interioare ale statului pot suprima temporar dezvoltarea.<\/p><h3>Modelul de risc<\/h3><ul><li>dac\u0103 temperatura se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre 22\u00b0C \u0219i 32\u00b0C timp de 6 ore sau mai mult =&gt; riscul cre\u0219te cu 20 de puncte.<\/li><li>dac\u0103 temperatura este mai mare de 32\u00b0C timp de 6 ore sau mai mult =&gt; riscul scade cu 10 puncte<\/li><li>dac\u0103 temperatura este mai mic\u0103 de 22\u00b0C pe parcursul \u00eentregii zile =&gt; riscul scade cu 10 puncte.<\/li><li>dac\u0103 exist\u0103 mai mult de 6 ore de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor =&gt; riscul scade cu 10 puncte<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00cen cazul \u00een care riscul este sub 20, se poate presupune c\u0103 otr\u0103virea nu se poate \u00eenmul\u021bi rapid, iar programul de combatere a bolilor poate fi foarte extins. \u00cen cazul \u00een care riscul este mai mare de at\u00e2t, ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 programul de stropire. dac\u0103 riscul dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te 60 de puncte, trebuie s\u0103 se utilizeze un program de stropire strict \u0219i eficient. \u00cen cultura ecologic\u0103, aceasta va include reducerea intercelului de pulverizare pentru sulfor.<\/p><p>\u00cen FieldClimate, riscul este afi\u0219at \u00een valori zilnice. Din cauza temperaturilor de 20 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30\u00b0C la \u00eenceputul lunii august avem un risc de 100%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-45e2aa7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"45e2aa7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbeecad\" data-id=\"fbeecad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79e2b98 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"79e2b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc14820 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc14820\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4d1531\" data-id=\"f4d1531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f8063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"50f8063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19462d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19462d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mucegai gri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd4637e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd4637e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cf6b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cf6b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0este un parazit fakultativ, deoarece cre\u0219te \u0219i pe material vegetal mort. Datorit\u0103 acestui fapt, este \u00eentotdeauna prezent \u00een podgorii, livezi \u0219i terenuri permanente.\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0este legat\u0103 de\u00a0<u>climat umed<\/u>. Infec\u021bia are loc la foarte\u00a0<u>umiditate relativ\u0103 ridicat\u0103<\/u>\u00a0sau prezen\u021ba\u00a0<u>ap\u0103 liber\u0103<\/u>. Ciuperca nu este capabil\u0103 s\u0103 infecteze materialul vegetal adult s\u0103n\u0103tos prin spori. Infec\u021bia are loc pe\u00a0<u>l\u0103stari tineri<\/u>\u00a0\u00een timpul perioadelor umede mai lungi sau a unor l\u0103stari afecta\u021bi de furtuni cu grindin\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0infec\u021bia este favorizat\u0103 de\u00a0<u>umezeala frunzelor<\/u>. Pentru infec\u021bia boabelor desprinse, rela\u021bia dintre durata umezelii frunzelor \u0219i temperatura care duce la infec\u021bie este prezentat\u0103 \u00een graficul de mai sus. Aceste constat\u0103ri provin dintr-un studiu realizat la UC-Davis. Pessl Instruments folose\u0219te aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie ca baz\u0103 pentru a ne\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0modelul de risc. Cre\u0219terea riscului este propor\u021bional\u0103 cu acest grafic, iar trei perioade de infec\u021bie \u00eencheiate ar duce la un risc de 100%. Orice perioad\u0103 de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor va duce la o cre\u0219tere a riscului care este propor\u021bional\u0103 cu aceasta. Zilele cu mai pu\u021bin de 4 ore de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor vor duce la o reducere a riscului cu o cincime din valoarea real\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c080e0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c080e0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f3d5a\" data-id=\"90f3d5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4527ee2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4527ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a366149 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a366149\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c31eb39\" data-id=\"c31eb39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac1efd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8ac1efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"chilli-eggplant-paprika-phytophthora-blight\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdfd7be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdfd7be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Phytophthora blight<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14f4384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"14f4384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b02f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23b02f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Phytophthora blight a devenit una dintre cele mai grave amenin\u021b\u0103ri la adresa produc\u021biei de cucurbitacee \u0219i ardei din \u00eentreaga lume.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0pe cucurbitacee a fost semnalat pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een 1937 \u00een California \u0219i Colorado. De atunci, s-a observat prezen\u021ba Phytophthora blight la cucurbitacee \u0219i ardei \u00een majoritatea zonelor produc\u0103toare de legume din lume.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0apare \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit \u00een mediile temperate, subtropicale \u0219i tropicale. Deoarece\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0are o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de gazde, este dificil de controlat Phytophthora blight. Mai mult de 50 de specii de plante, inclusiv c\u00e2teva specii de buruieni, din peste 15 familii, sunt gazde pentru\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Printre gazdele majore ale\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0sunt ardeii ro\u0219ii \u0219i verzi (<em>Capsicum annuum<\/em>), pepene verde (<em>Citrullum lanatus<\/em>), cantalup (<em>Cucumis melo<\/em>), pepene galben (<em>C. melo<\/em>), castrave\u021bi (<em>Cucumis sativus<\/em>), dovleacul Hubbard albastru (<em>Cucurbita maxima<\/em>), dovleac de ghind\u0103 (<em>Cucurbita moschata<\/em>), dovleac (<em>C. moschata<\/em>), procesarea dovleacului (<em>C. moschata<\/em>), dovleac galben (<em>Cucurbita pepo<\/em>), dovlecei (<em>C. pepo<\/em>), ro\u0219ii (<em>Lycopersicon esculentum<\/em>), piper negru (<em>Piper nigrum<\/em>) \u0219i vinetele (<em>Solanum melongena<\/em>). \u00cen prezent, nu exist\u0103 o singur\u0103 metod\u0103 de control care s\u0103 fie adecvat\u0103 pentru a asigura controlul\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0pe cucurbitacee. Nu exist\u0103 cultivare de cucurbitacee cu rezisten\u021b\u0103 m\u0103surabil\u0103 la aceast\u0103 boal\u0103. Rota\u021bia culturilor este practic ineficient\u0103 \u00een combaterea\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em> deoarece agentul patogen poate supravie\u021bui timp de mai mul\u021bi ani \u00een sol \u0219i poate infecta peste 50 de specii de plante. Focarele de boal\u0103 amenin\u021b\u0103 grav produc\u021bia de culturi de cucurbitacee (figura 19). Sunt necesare cercet\u0103ri suplimentare pentru a dezvolta strategii eficiente de gestionare a Phytophthora blight la cucurbitacee \u0219i alte legume.<\/p><h3>Simptome \u0219i semne<\/h3><p>Putregaiul Phytophthora este cauzat de oomycete patogene pentru plante.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>. Infectarea plantelor se face \u00een orice stadiu de dezvoltare. Agentul patogen poate infecta r\u0103sadurile, vi\u021ba de vie, frunzele \u0219i fructele. De obicei, infec\u021bia apare mai \u00eent\u00e2i \u00een zonele joase ale c\u00e2mpurilor, unde solul r\u0103m\u00e2ne umed mai mult timp.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Amortizare<\/span><br \/>Phytophthora capsici cauzeaz\u0103 damping-off pre- \u0219i postemergent la cucurbitacee\u00a0<u>\u00een condi\u021bii de sol umed \u0219i cald la 20-30\u00b0C (68-86\u00b0F)<\/u>. La r\u0103saduri, se dezvolt\u0103 un putregai apos pe hipocotil la sau \u00een apropierea liniei solului, ceea ce duce la moartea plantei. Plantele mature prezint\u0103 simptome de putregai al coroanei. Moartea plantei dup\u0103 r\u0103s\u0103rire este precedat\u0103 de ofilirea plantei: o ofilire brusc\u0103 \u0219i permanent\u0103 a plantei, f\u0103r\u0103 o schimbare a culorii frunzelor. Ofilirea frunzelor progreseaz\u0103 de la baz\u0103 spre extremit\u0103\u021bile vi\u021bei de vie. Deseori, plantele mor \u00een c\u00e2teva zile de la manifestarea primelor simptome sau dup\u0103 ce solul este saturat de ploi sau iriga\u021bii excesive. Tulpinile plantelor infectate devin maro deschis p\u00e2n\u0103 la maro \u00eenchis \u00een apropierea liniei solului \u0219i devin moi \u0219i \u00eembibate cu ap\u0103. Tulpinile infectate se pr\u0103bu\u0219esc \u0219i mor. R\u0103d\u0103cina pivotant\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cinile laterale ale plantelor de dovleac de procesare infectate nu prezint\u0103, de obicei, simptome. Dup\u0103 moartea frunzelor, r\u0103d\u0103cinile pot da na\u0219tere la noi vi\u021be de vie dac\u0103 condi\u021biile de mediu devin mai pu\u021bin favorabile dezvolt\u0103rii bolii. Putregaiul de Phytophthora poate duce la pierderea par\u021bial\u0103 sau total\u0103 a culturii.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Bacteria vi\u021bei de vie<\/span><br \/>Vi\u021ba de vie poate fi afectat\u0103 \u00een orice moment \u00een timpul perioadei de vegeta\u021bie. Pe vi\u021b\u0103 de vie apar leziuni \u00eembibate cu ap\u0103. Leziunile sunt de culoare m\u0103slinie \u00eenchis\u0103 \u0219i apoi devin maro \u00eenchis \u00een c\u00e2teva zile. Leziunile \u00eenconjoar\u0103 tulpina, ceea ce duce la pr\u0103bu\u0219irea rapid\u0103 \u0219i la moartea frunzelor de deasupra leziunii.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Simptomele frunzelor<\/span><br \/><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0poate infecta at\u00e2t pe\u021biolii, c\u00e2t \u0219i frunzele plantelor. Pe pe pe\u021bioli se dezvolt\u0103 leziuni de culoare maro \u00eenchis, \u00eembibate cu ap\u0103 (asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu leziunile de pe vi\u021b\u0103 de vie), ceea ce duce la pr\u0103bu\u0219irea rapid\u0103 a pe\u021biolului \u0219i la moartea frunzelor. Lamele foliare infectate dezvolt\u0103 pete cu diametrul de la 5 mm (0,2 in.) la peste 5 cm (2 in.). Zonele infectate sunt clorotice la \u00eenceput, dar \u00een c\u00e2teva zile devin necrotice, cu margini clorotice p\u00e2n\u0103 la verde-oliv. \u00cen condi\u021bii de umiditate \u0219i c\u0103ldur\u0103, petele foliare se extind rapid, se unesc \u0219i pot acoperi \u00eentreaga frunz\u0103. \u00cen condi\u021bii de usc\u0103ciune, petele foliare \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 se extind\u0103.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Putregaiul fructelor<\/span><br \/>Putregaiul fructelor poate ap\u0103rea \u00een orice moment, de la \u00eenfr\u0103\u021birea fructelor p\u00e2n\u0103 la recoltare. Putregaiul fructelor \u00eencepe, \u00een general, pe partea fructului care este \u00een contact cu solul, \u00eens\u0103, ocazional, infec\u021biile \u00eencep \u00een alte locuri pe fruct, acolo unde frunzele sau vi\u021ba de vie infectate intr\u0103 \u00een contact cu fructul. De asemenea, simptomele de pe suprafa\u021ba superioar\u0103 a fructului se dezvolt\u0103 \u00een urma ploii sau a irig\u0103rii aeriene, care poate stropi apa care con\u021bine agentul patogen pe plantele vecine. Putregaiul fructelor se poate dezvolta \u0219i dup\u0103 recoltare, \u00een timpul transportului sau \u00een timpul depozit\u0103rii. Putregaiul fructelor debuteaz\u0103 de obicei ca o leziune \u00eembibat\u0103 cu ap\u0103. Leziunile se extind \u0219i se acoper\u0103 cu mucegai alb. Agentul patogen produce numeroase sporangi pe majoritatea fructelor infectate. Infec\u021bia fructelor progreseaz\u0103 rapid, duc\u00e2nd la pr\u0103bu\u0219irea complet\u0103 a fructelor. Putregaiul foliar Phytophthora \u0219i putregaiul fructelor pot duce la pierderea total\u0103 a culturii.<\/p><h3>Biologie patogen\u0103<\/h3><p><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0este clasificat \u00een familia Pythiaceae, ordinul Peronosporales \u0219i clasa Oomycetes. Oomicetele nu sunt ciuperci adev\u0103rate \u0219i au fost plasate \u00een regnul Stramenopila. Ele sunt mai apropiate de algele brune dec\u00e2t de ciupercile adev\u0103rate. Agentul patogen produce sporangii asexuate \u0219i zoospori biflagela\u021bi \u0219i oospori sexuali. Miceliile sunt coenocitice (neseptate).\u00a0<em><u>Phytophthora<\/u><\/em><u>\u00a0capsici se dezvolt\u0103 la temperaturi cuprinse \u00eentre 10 \u0219i 36\u00b0C (50 \u0219i 97\u00b0F), cu temperaturi optime de 24 \u0219i 33\u00b0C (75-91\u00b0F).<\/u>\u00a0Acest agent patogen se dezvolt\u0103 rapid pe agar de fasole de Lima, iar diametrul coloniei poate ajunge p\u00e2n\u0103 la 8 cm (3 in.) \u00een 5 zile. Tiparele de cre\u0219tere ale coloniilor pot varia de la coton, petaloid, rozacee, la stelat (\u00een form\u0103 de stea. Sporangii (corpuri de fructificare asexuate) de\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0sunt produse pe sporangiofori (hif\u0103 produc\u0103toare de sporangi) \u0219i sunt \u00een mare parte papilate (cu o mic\u0103 protuberan\u021b\u0103 rotunjit\u0103). Formele sporangioanelor sunt influen\u021bate de lumin\u0103 \u0219i de alte condi\u021bii de cultur\u0103 \u0219i pot fi sub-sferice, ovoidale, obovoidale, elipsoidale, fusiforme sau piriforme. Lungimile \u0219i l\u0103\u021bimile sporangilor pot varia de la 32,8 la 65,8 \u0219i, respectiv, de la 17,4 la 38,7 \u03bcm. Rapoartele lungime\/l\u0103\u021bime ale sporangiei variaz\u0103 de la 1,3:1 la 2,1:1. Sporangii au pediceluri (tulpini) lungi, variind de la 35 la 138 \u03bcm. Sporangia pedicelat\u0103 poate fi dispersat\u0103 \u00een ploaia determinat\u0103 de v\u00e2nt. \u00cen condi\u021bii de umiditate, \u00een interiorul sporangiei se produc zoospori (spori asexua\u021bi). Zoosporii sunt unicelulare \u0219i biflagelate.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0produce, de asemenea, clamidozpori (spori asexua\u021bi cu pere\u021bi gro\u0219i), care pot fi terminali sau intercalari (\u00eentre celule) pe miceliu. Diametrul clamidosporilor poate varia \u00eentre 22 \u0219i 39 \u03bcm. Phytophthora capsici produce structuri sexuale numite anteridii \u0219i oogonii, precum \u0219i spori sexuali numi\u021bi oospori.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0este predominant heterotalic, cu dou\u0103 tipuri de \u00eemperechere cunoscute sub numele de A1 \u0219i A2. Anteridele sunt amfigoane (form\u00e2nd un guler la baza oogoniului dup\u0103 ce oogoniul t\u00e2n\u0103r cre\u0219te prin el), cu diametre de 12-21 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 12-17 \u03bcm. Oogoniile sunt sferice sau sub-sferice, cu diametre cuprinse \u00eentre 23 \u0219i 50 \u03bcm. Oosporii sunt predominant plerotici (care umplu oogoniul), cu o grosime a peretelui cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre 2 \u0219i 6 \u03bcm \u0219i cu diametre cuprinse \u00eentre 22 \u0219i 35 \u03bcm.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0se distinge de alte\u00a0<em>Phytophthora<\/em>\u00a0specie prin morfologia sporangial\u0103. Sporangii de\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0sunt caduce (u\u0219or de separat de sporangiofori), au pediceluri lungi \u0219i sunt sferice p\u00e2n\u0103 la alungite, cu o baz\u0103 conic\u0103. Diferen\u021be semnificative \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te virulen\u021ba (gradul de patogenitate) \u0219i genetica \u00eentre izolatele de\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0au fost raportate. Mai multe metode pot fi utilizate pentru a studia varia\u021bia genetic\u0103 a P. capsici \u0219i a altor ciuperci. Secven\u021bierea \u0219i\/sau digestia de restric\u021bie a regiunilor de spa\u021bieri transcri\u0219i interni (ITS) pot fi utilizate pentru identificarea speciilor. A fost dezvoltat un primer PCR specific (Pcap) care poate fi utilizat cu primerii iTS pentru a amplifica \u00een mod specific\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Pentru a studia varia\u021bia genetic\u0103 \u00eentre popula\u021biile de P. capsici, se poate utiliza amplificarea prin repetarea secven\u021belor simple (ISSR), polimorfismul amplificat de lungime a fragmentelor (AFLP), genotiparea alozimei \u0219i polimorfismele de lungime a fragmentelor de restric\u021bie cu o sond\u0103.<\/p><h3>Ciclul bolii \u0219i epidemiologie<\/h3><p><em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0este un agent patogen care se transmite prin sol \u0219i supravie\u021buie\u0219te \u00eentre culturi sub form\u0103 de oospori \u00een sol sau de miceliu \u00een resturile vegetale. Oosporii sunt rezisten\u021bi la deshidratare, la temperaturi sc\u0103zute \u0219i la alte condi\u021bii extreme de mediu \u0219i pot supravie\u021bui \u00een sol, \u00een absen\u021ba unei plante gazd\u0103, timp de mai mul\u021bi ani. Oosporii germineaz\u0103 \u0219i produc sporangi \u0219i zoospori. Zoosporii sunt elibera\u021bi \u00een ap\u0103 \u0219i sunt dispersa\u021bi prin iriga\u021bii sau prin apa de suprafa\u021b\u0103. Zoosporii sunt capabili s\u0103 \u00eenoate timp de c\u00e2teva ore \u0219i s\u0103 infecteze \u021besuturile plantelor. Zoosporii \u00ee\u0219i pierd mai \u00eent\u00e2i flagelul, apoi se \u00eencorseteaz\u0103 \u0219i formeaz\u0103 un perete celular, germineaz\u0103 \u0219i infecteaz\u0103 \u021besuturile vegetale. Pe \u021besuturile infectate, \u00een special pe fructele afectate, se produc sporangi abunden\u021bi. Sporangiile sunt dispersate \u00een aer prin ap\u0103 sau prin ploaia provocat\u0103 de v\u00e2nt. Sporangii pot germina direct \u0219i infecta planta gazd\u0103 sau pot germina \u0219i da na\u0219tere la zoospori care sunt elibera\u021bi \u00een ap\u0103 \u0219i infecteaz\u0103 planta. Agentul patogen se dezvolt\u0103 \u00een interiorul gazdei \u0219i produce sporangii pe suprafa\u021ba \u021besuturilor infectate. \u00cen cazul \u00een care condi\u021biile de mediu sunt favorabile, boala se dezvolt\u0103 rapid. De\u0219i agentul patogen produce clamidozpori pe medii de cultur\u0103, rolul acestora \u00een supravie\u021buirea agentului patogen \u0219i \u00een epidemiologia bolii nu este cunoscut.\u00a0<u>Condi\u021biile de umiditate din sol sunt importante pentru dezvoltarea bolii. Sporangii se formeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd porii solului sunt drena\u021bi, iar ace\u0219tia elibereaz\u0103 zoosporii atunci c\u00e2nd solul este saturat (porii solului sunt plini de ap\u0103). Boala este asociat\u0103, de obicei, cu precipita\u021bii abundente, irigare excesiv\u0103 sau sol prost drenat. Irigarea frecvent\u0103 cre\u0219te inciden\u021ba bolii. Condi\u021biile calde sunt favorabile dezvolt\u0103rii bolii.<\/u><\/p><h3>Managementul bolilor<\/h3><p>Nu exist\u0103 o singur\u0103 metod\u0103 care s\u0103 asigure un control adecvat al bacteriei Phytophthora. Diverse practici de combatere a bolilor pot fi integrate pentru a gestiona Phytophthora blight, inclusiv: excluderea, practicile culturale \u0219i controlul chimic. Cea mai eficient\u0103 metod\u0103 de combatere a focului bacterian Phytophthora este prevenirea\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0de a se muta \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp neinfestat.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em>\u00a0se r\u0103sp\u00e2nde\u0219te prin sol, ap\u0103 \u0219i\/sau material vegetal. Este foarte recomandat s\u0103 se cure\u021be temeinic toate echipamentele agricole folosite pe un c\u00e2mp infestat \u00eenainte de a le muta pe un alt c\u00e2mp. De asemenea, evita\u021bi utilizarea surselor de ap\u0103 (de exemplu, iazuri sau rezervoare) care primesc ap\u0103 de scurgere de la un c\u00e2mp infestat. Sursele de ap\u0103 pot fi testate pentru prezen\u021ba agentului patogen prin tehnici de momire.\u00a0<em>Phytophthora capsici<\/em> nu este considerat un agent patogen care se transmite prin semin\u021be; cu toate acestea, ar trebui evitat\u0103 p\u0103strarea semin\u021belor dintr-un c\u00e2mp \u00een care a ap\u0103rut Phytophthora blight.<\/p><h3>Practici culturale<\/h3><p>Urm\u0103toarele practici culturale pot ajuta la gestionarea Phytophthora blight \u00een c\u00e2mpurile de cucurbitacee. Deoarece\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>\u00a0poate supravie\u021bui \u00een sol timp de mai mul\u021bi ani, ar trebui s\u0103 se selecteze pentru plantare c\u00e2mpurile f\u0103r\u0103 antecedente de Phytophthora blight. De\u0219i nu a fost stabilit\u0103 o perioad\u0103 de rota\u021bie a culturilor pentru gestionarea eficient\u0103 a Phytophthora blight a cucurbitaceelor, se recomand\u0103 s\u0103 se selecteze numai c\u00e2mpurile care nu au avut antecedente de cucurbitacee, vinete, ardei \u0219i\/sau ro\u0219ii timp de cel pu\u021bin 3 ani. Trebuie s\u0103 se selecteze c\u00e2mpuri care sunt bine izolate de c\u00e2mpurile infestate cu\u00a0<em>P. capsici<\/em>. Umiditatea ridicat\u0103 a solului favorizeaz\u0103 dezvoltarea Phytophthora blight, prin urmare, ar trebui s\u0103 se aleag\u0103 c\u00e2mpuri bine drenate \u0219i s\u0103 se evite irigarea excesiv\u0103. De asemenea, evita\u021bi plantarea culturilor de cucurbitacee \u00een zone ale c\u00e2mpului care au un drenaj slab. Culturile de cucurbitacee care nu sunt \u00eencol\u021bite (de exemplu, dovleacul de var\u0103) trebuie plantate pe paturi supra\u00een\u0103l\u021bate \u00een form\u0103 de cupol\u0103, cu o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de aproximativ 25 cm (10 in.). C\u00e2mpul ar trebui s\u0103 fie cercetat \u00een mod regulat pentru depistarea simptomelor de Phytophthora, \u00een special dup\u0103 ploi importante \u0219i mai ales \u00een zonele joase ale c\u00e2mpului. Atunci c\u00e2nd simptomele sunt localizate \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 mic\u0103 a c\u00e2mpului, plantele infectate ar trebui s\u0103 fie ar\u0103tate \u00een sol. Plantele ar trebui s\u0103 fie pulverizate cu fungicide eficiente la primul semn al bolii. Fructele s\u0103n\u0103toase trebuie \u00eendep\u0103rtate din zona infestat\u0103 c\u00e2t mai cur\u00e2nd posibil \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 fie verificate \u00een mod regulat pentru depistarea dezvolt\u0103rii bolii. Cultivarea culturilor de acoperire \u0219i\/sau mulcirea cu materiale vegetale, inclusiv paie \u0219i veac de secar\u0103, pot fi, de asemenea, utilizate pentru a gestiona dispersia agentului patogen.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate<\/h3><p>\u00cen FieldClimate un model de afi\u0219are a dezvolt\u0103rii bolilor fungice: Modelul A: Modelul Phytophtora Capsici Acest model arat\u0103 ratele de infec\u021bie pe baza precipita\u021biilor, a temperaturii aerului, a duratei de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor \u0219i a umidit\u0103\u021bii relative. Sunt prezentate dou\u0103 forme diferite de infec\u021bii:<\/p><ul><li>Infec\u021bie prin macrosporangii (zoospori), care sunt dispersa\u021bi de ap\u0103 (ploi abundente \u00een sol)<\/li><li>Infec\u021bia prin sporangii, care sunt \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiate de v\u00e2nt \u0219i ap\u0103<\/li><\/ul><p><u>Condi\u021biile de umiditate din sol sunt importante pentru dezvoltarea bolii. Sporangii se formeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd porii solului sunt drena\u021bi, iar ace\u0219tia elibereaz\u0103 zoosporii atunci c\u00e2nd solul este saturat (porii solului sunt plini de ap\u0103). Boala este asociat\u0103, de obicei, cu precipita\u021bii abundente, irigare excesiv\u0103 sau sol prost drenat. Irigarea frecvent\u0103 cre\u0219te inciden\u021ba bolii. Condi\u021biile calde sunt favorabile dezvolt\u0103rii bolii.<\/u><\/p><p><em>Literatur\u0103:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Babadoost, M. \u0219i S.Z Islam. 2003. Efectele tratamentului fungicidic al semin\u021belor asupra umezelii semin\u021belor de dovleac cauzate de Phytophthora capsici. Plant Dis. 87:63-68.<\/li><li>Erwin, D.C. \u0219i O.K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.<\/li><li>Hausbeck, M. K., \u0219i K.H. Lamour. 2004. Phytophthora capsici \u00een culturile de legume: Progrese \u0219i provoc\u0103ri. Plant Dis. 88:1292-1303.<\/li><li>Islam, S.Z., M. Babadoost, K. Lambert, A. Ndeme \u0219i H.M. Fouly. 2005. Characterization of Phytophthora capsici isolates from processing pumpkin in Illinois. Plant Dis. 89:191-197.<\/li><li>Lamour, K.H. \u0219i M.K. Hausbeck. 2000. Insensibilitatea la mefenoxam \u0219i stadiul sexual al Phytophthora capsici \u00een c\u00e2mpurile de cucurbitacee din Michigan. Phytopathology 90:396-400.<\/li><li>Lee, B.K., B.S. Kim, S.W. Chang \u0219i B.K. Hwany. 2001. Agresivitatea izolatelor de Phytophthora capsici din dovleac \u0219i piper. Plant Dis. 85:797-800.<\/li><li>Leonian, L.H. 1922. B\u0103\u0219icarea tulpinii \u0219i a fructelor de piper cauzat\u0103 de Phytophthora capsici. Fitopatologie 12:401-408.<\/li><li>Papavizas, G.S., J.H. Bowers \u0219i S.A. Johnston. 1981. Izolarea selectiv\u0103 a Phytophthora capsici din soluri. Phytopathology 71:129-133.<\/li><li>Ristaino, J.B. 1990. Varia\u021bia interspecific\u0103 \u00eentre izolatele de Phytophthora capsici din c\u00e2mpurile de ardei \u0219i cucurbitacee din Carolina de Nord. Phytopathology 80:1253-1259.<\/li><li>Ristaino, J. B. \u0219i S.A. Johnston. 1999. Abord\u0103ri ecologice pentru gestionarea Phytophthora blight pe ardei gras. Plant Dis. 83:1080-1089.<\/li><li>Stamps, D.J. 1985. Phytophthora capsici. Commonw. Mycol. Inst. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 836.<\/li><li>Stamps, D.J., G.M. Waterhouse, F.J. Newhook \u0219i G.S. Hall. 1990. Cheia tabelar\u0103 revizuit\u0103 a speciilor de Phytophthora. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Int. Mycol. Inst. Mycol. Pap. 162.<\/li><li>Tian, D. \u0219i M. Babadoost. 2003. Varia\u021bia genetic\u0103 \u00eentre izolatele de Phytophthora capsici din Illinois. Phytopathology 93:S84. Publica\u021bia nr. P-2003-0613-AMA.<\/li><li>Zitter, T.A., D.L. Hopkins \u0219i C.E. Thomas. 1996. Compendiu de boli ale cucurbitaceelor. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-374330e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"374330e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8afc0c7\" data-id=\"8afc0c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbb5b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2dbb5b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33f568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e33f568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Echipament recomandat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e35db9 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e35db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c1c7ea\" data-id=\"7c1c7ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55d2c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55d2c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Verifica\u021bi ce set de senzori este necesar pentru monitorizarea bolilor poten\u021biale ale acestei culturi.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e157059\" data-id=\"e157059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b07e59 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7b07e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DESC\u0102RCA\u021aI FOAIA DE CALCUL<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chilli, eggplant and paprika disease models Pepper is an important commercial vegetable crop worldwide. Production of pepper is often severely limited by one or more disease problems. This content describes the symptoms of several commonly observed diseases and the models used for its prediction in FieldClimate. ALTERNARIA AND TOMCAST &#8211;Alternaria solani POWDERY MILDEWRISK MODEL GREY [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49317","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chilli, eggplant and paprika disease models Pepper is an important commercial vegetable crop worldwide. Production of pepper is often severely limited by one or more disease problems. This content describes the symptoms of several commonly observed diseases and the models used for its prediction in FieldClimate. ALTERNARIA AND TOMCAST &#8211;Alternaria solani POWDERY MILDEWRISK MODEL GREY [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-04T09:39:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"16 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/\",\"name\":\"Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-12-01T13:59:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-04T09:39:16+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Disease models &#8211; chilli, eggplant and paprika\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"METOS by Pessl Instruments\",\"description\":\"Turning Information into profits since 1984.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"METOS\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"METOS by Pessl Instruments\",\"alternateName\":\"Pessl Instruments\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.global\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png\",\"width\":2652,\"height\":795,\"caption\":\"METOS by Pessl Instruments\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/metos.at\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Modele de boli - ardei iute, vinete \u0219i paprika - METOS de Pessl Instruments","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","og_locale":"ro_RO","og_type":"article","og_title":"Disease models - chilli, eggplant and paprika - METOS by Pessl Instruments","og_description":"Chilli, eggplant and paprika disease models Pepper is an important commercial vegetable crop worldwide. Production of pepper is often severely limited by one or more disease problems. This content describes the symptoms of several commonly observed diseases and the models used for its prediction in FieldClimate. ALTERNARIA AND TOMCAST &#8211;Alternaria solani POWDERY MILDEWRISK MODEL GREY [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","og_site_name":"METOS by Pessl Instruments","article_modified_time":"2026-05-04T09:39:16+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Timp estimat pentru citire":"16 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/","name":"Modele de boli - ardei iute, vinete \u0219i paprika - METOS de Pessl Instruments","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png","datePublished":"2022-12-01T13:59:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-04T09:39:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ro-RO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-chilli-eggplant-and-paprika.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-chilli-eggplant-paprika\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/metos.global\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Disease models &#8211; chilli, eggplant and paprika"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/","name":"METOS de Pessl Instruments","description":"Transformarea informa\u021biilor \u00een profituri din 1984.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"METOS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ro-RO"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#organization","name":"METOS de Pessl Instruments","alternateName":"Pessl Instruments","url":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png","width":2652,"height":795,"caption":"METOS by Pessl Instruments"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49317"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120488,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49317\/revisions\/120488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}