{"id":48774,"date":"2022-11-17T10:13:01","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T10:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=48774"},"modified":"2026-05-04T10:33:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T10:33:48","slug":"disease-models-sugar-beet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-sugar-beet\/","title":{"rendered":"Modele de boli - sfecl\u0103 de zah\u0103r"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sfecl\u0103 de zah\u0103r<\/b> modele de boli\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, fermierii aflaser\u0103 deja c\u0103 randamentul sfeclei de zah\u0103r scade constant atunci c\u00e2nd culturile de sfecl\u0103 sunt cultivate \u00een mod repetat \u00een rota\u021bii \u00eenguste. Schacht a demonstrat \u00een 1859 c\u0103 aceste daune erau cauzate de nematozii cu chisturi ai sfeclei,\u00a0Heterodera schachtii<\/em>, un parazit care a fost un factor limitativ \u00een produc\u021bia de sfecl\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent. Exist\u0103 \u0219i al\u021bi nematozi care provoac\u0103 daune considerabile la sfecla de zah\u0103r, dar\u00a0H. schachtii<\/em>\u00a0este cea mai important\u0103. Insectele\u00a0Atomaria linearis<\/em>\u00a0(g\u00e2ndacul pigmeu al mangoldului),\u00a0Agriotes obscuritate<\/em>\u00a0(vierme de s\u00e2rm\u0103),\u00a0Tipula paludosa<\/em>\u00a0(cu copert\u0103 de piele),\u00a0Chaetocnema tibialis<\/em>\u00a0(Fleabeetle) \u0219i\u00a0Onychiurus armatus<\/em>\u00a0(springtail) provoac\u0103 moartea r\u0103sadurilor. Deteriorarea prin supt a frunzelor r\u0103sadurilor este cauzat\u0103 de\u00a0Calocoris norvegicus<\/em>\u00a0(g\u00e2ndacul cartofului) \u0219i\u00a0Piesma quadrata<\/em>\u00a0(g\u00e2ndacul frunzelor de rapi\u021b\u0103).\u00a0Pegomyia betae<\/em>\u00a0(musca sfeclei de zah\u0103r) este o insect\u0103 care exploateaz\u0103 frunzele.<\/p>

Viru\u0219i importan\u021bi sunt Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, care provoac\u0103 boala\u00a0Rizomanie<\/em>, care este vectorizat de ciuperca\u00a0Polymyxa betae<\/em>\u0219i virusul Beet mild yellows, care este transmis de afide.\u00a0Myzus persicae<\/em>. Principalele boli fungice transmise prin sol la sfecla de zah\u0103r includ\u00a0Rhizoctonia solani, Aphanomyces cochlioides, Fusarium spp.<\/em>, \u0219i\u00a0Verticillium dahliae<\/em>. La suprafa\u021ba solului, frunzele sfeclei de zah\u0103r sunt atacate de\u00a0Erysiphe betae<\/em>\u00a0(mucegai),\u00a0Uromyces betae<\/em>\u00a0(rugina) \u0219i agen\u021bii patogeni de p\u0103tare a frunzelor\u00a0Ramularia beticola<\/em>\u00a0\u0219i\u00a0Cercospora beticola<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT -<\/br>Cercospora beticola<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cercospora leaf spot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Daunele provocate de \u0219i prevalen\u021ba Cercospora beticola<\/em><\/h3>

\u00cen cazul unor epidemii grave, CLS provoac\u0103 distrugerea progresiv\u0103 a frunzelor, urmat\u0103 de o \u00eenlocuire continu\u0103 a frunzelor noi \u00een detrimentul rezervelor stocate \u00een r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, ceea ce duce la o reducere a randamentului \u0219i a con\u021binutului de zah\u0103r. \u00cen \u021a\u0103rile de Jos, au fost observate reduceri ale randamentului de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 21% \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te produc\u021bia de zah\u0103r (con\u021binut de zah\u0103r x produc\u021bia de r\u0103d\u0103cini) \u0219i 23% \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te randamentul financiar (prezenta tez\u0103), dar pentru c\u00e2mpurile individuale de sfecl\u0103 au fost observate reduceri ale produc\u021biei de zah\u0103r de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40%. Acest lucru are ca rezultat nu numai un venit mai mic pentru fermieri, ci \u0219i pentru industria zah\u0103rului, deoarece extractibilitatea zah\u0103rului este mai mic\u0103 \u00een cazul infec\u021biei cu CLS. Procentul de c\u00e2mpuri de sfecl\u0103 din \u021a\u0103rile de Jos \u00een care se observ\u0103 o infestare cu CLS a crescut de la 13% \u00een 2000 la 32% \u00een 2002. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, procentul de c\u00e2mpuri de sfecl\u0103 \u00een care se aplic\u0103 un tratament fungicid \u00eempotriva\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0aplicat a crescut de la 9% \u00een 2000 la 23% \u00een 2002.<\/p>

Ciuperca Cercospora beticola<\/em><\/h3>

Cercospora beticola Sacc.<\/em>, agentul cauzal al bolii Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) la sfecla de zah\u0103r este cea mai comun\u0103 \u0219i distructiv\u0103 boal\u0103 foliar\u0103 a sfeclei de zah\u0103r la nivel mondial. Ciuperca apar\u021bine clasei Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycetes), ordinul Moniliales, familia Dematiaceae, sec\u021biunea Phaeophragmosporae. Hifele sunt hialine p\u00e2n\u0103 la brun-olivaceu pal, intercelulare, septate, cu diametrul de 2-4 \u03bcm, \u0219i formeaz\u0103 pseudostromate \u00een cavit\u0103\u021bile substomatice ale gazdei din care se nasc conidiofori \u00een ciorchini. Conidioforii, care ies numai din stomatele gazdei, au 10-100 (\u00een cea mai mare parte 46-60) \u03bcm x 3-5,5 \u03bcm \u0219i sunt neramifica\u021bi, cu mici cicatrici conidiale conspicue la genicula\u021bii \u0219i la apex. Conidiile, de 20-200 x 2,5-4 \u03bcm (majoritatea 36-107 x 2-3 \u03bcm), au pere\u021bi netezi, drep\u021bi sau u\u0219or curba\u021bi, hialini, acicula\u021bi \u0219i atenuate treptat de la baza trunchiat\u0103, cu 3-14 (uneori p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24) septuri. Nu exist\u0103 niciun stadiu teleomorf de\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0este cunoscut\u0103 \u00een acest moment.<\/p>

Epidemiologia \u0219i ciclul de via\u021b\u0103 al petelor foliare Cercospora la sfecla de zah\u0103r<\/h3>

Simptomele petelor de Cercospora constau \u00een pete circulare, delimitate, care se dezvolt\u0103 pe frunzele mai b\u0103tr\u00e2ne \u0219i se m\u0103resc p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2-5 mm la maturitate. Leziunile sunt de culoare cafeniu p\u00e2n\u0103 la maro deschis \u00eenchis, cu margini maro sau ro\u0219u-violet. Leziunile alungite apar pe pe\u021bioli, iar leziunile circulare pot ap\u0103rea pe hipocotile de sfecl\u0103 de zah\u0103r care nu sunt acoperite de sol. Petele individuale de pe frunze se unesc pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce boala avanseaz\u0103, iar suprafe\u021bele mari sau frunzele devin maro \u0219i necrotice. Puncte negre minuscule, pseudostromate, sunt adesea vizibile \u00een centrul leziunilor mature. \u00cen condi\u021bii de umiditate, pe pseudostromate se formeaz\u0103 conidiofori, iar petele de pe frunze devin gri \u0219i catifelate odat\u0103 cu producerea conidiilor. Frunzele bolnave se pr\u0103bu\u0219esc \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u0219i cad pe sol, dar r\u0103m\u00e2n ata\u0219ate de coroan\u0103. Frunzele mai tinere ale inimii sunt de obicei bolnave mai t\u00e2rziu dec\u00e2t frunzele mai b\u0103tr\u00e2ne. Pot fi afectate toate p\u0103r\u021bile supraterane ale plantelor de semin\u021be, inclusiv ciorchinii de semin\u021be.<\/p>

Cercospora beticola<\/em> este inactiv la temperaturi sub 10\u00b0C \u0219i poate infecta la temperaturi cuprinse \u00eentre 12 \u0219i 37\u00b0C. Temperaturile optime pentru produc\u021bia de conidii sunt cuprinse \u00eentre 20-26\u00b0C dac\u0103 umiditatea relativ\u0103 este \u00een intervalul 98-100% sau la 25\u00b0C. Se pot a\u0219tepta epidemii severe atunci c\u00e2nd umiditatea relativ\u0103 se men\u021bine peste 96% timp de 10-12 ore \u00een fiecare zi, timp de 3-5 zile, iar temperatura r\u0103m\u00e2ne peste 10\u00b0C. \u00cen ciuda acestor temperaturi destul de ridicate, \u00een \u021a\u0103rile de Jos se pot dezvolta epidemii severe de Cercospora leaf spot. Eliberarea conidiilor se face prin ploaie \u0219i rou\u0103 (Meredith, 1967), iar conidiile sunt diseminate \u00een principal prin ploaie \u0219i mai pu\u021bin eficient prin v\u00e2nt, ap\u0103 de irigare, insecte \u0219i acarieni.<\/p>

BeetCast<\/h3>

Dac\u0103 aplic\u0103m BeetCast, putem face acest lucru pe baza impactului ridicat al umidit\u0103\u021bii relative \u0219i al umezelii frunzelor asupra epidemiilor de\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>, ceea ce a fost constatat din nou de Wolf P.F.J. et al. (2001). Rezultatele ob\u021binute de aceast\u0103 echip\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori sunt prezentate \u00een cele dou\u0103 grafice din partea dreapt\u0103 a acestui articol.<\/p>

Modelul de evaluare a gravit\u0103\u021bii bolii:<\/strong><\/p>

Acest model este calculat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul unei zile, la ora 23:30. Modelul calculeaz\u0103 \u0219i compar\u0103 valorile severit\u0103\u021bii bolii conform tabelelor de mai jos.<\/p>

\"sugarbeet-graphs\"\"\"<\/p>

Regulile de predic\u021bie BeetCast:<\/strong><\/p>

Pentru a ajunge la reguli de aplicare a fungicidelor, Beetcast este combinat cu rezultatele modelului CercoPRI. Aceasta ar putea fi prognoza primei pulveriz\u0103ri realizat\u0103 de modelul de risc Pessl Instruments sau de modelul DIV, care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie utilizat \u00een acela\u0219i mod.<\/p>

- \u00cen cazul \u00een care CercoPRI atinge pragul \u00eenainte de 01.06. se aplic\u0103 primul fungicid atunci c\u00e2nd se acumuleaz\u0103 55 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV se repet\u0103 pulverizarea atunci c\u00e2nd se ating din nou 35 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV
- CercoPRI atinge pragul de treshold \u00eenainte de 01.07. aplica\u021bi primul fungicid c\u00e2nd se acumuleaz\u0103 70 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV repeta\u021bi pulverizarea c\u00e2nd se ating din nou 55 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV
- CercoPRI atinge pragul de treshold dup\u0103 data de 01.07. Aplica\u021bi primul fungicid c\u00e2nd se acumuleaz\u0103 80 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV \u0219i repeta\u021bi pulverizarea c\u00e2nd se ating din nou 55 de unit\u0103\u021bi DSV.<\/p>

Pessl Instruments\u00a0C. beticola<\/em> Modelul de risc<\/h3>

Bleiholder \u0219i Wetzien 1972, care au analizat \u00een profunzime reproducerea de C. beticola<\/em>. Ace\u0219tia au constatat c\u0103 agentul patogen este bine adaptat la climatul cald. Perioada de laten\u021b\u0103 \u0219i sporularea au fost strict dependente de temperatur\u0103, iar temperatura optim\u0103 s-a dovedit a fi destul de ridicat\u0103. Constat\u0103rile lui Wolf, P.F.J. et all (2001) au fost foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu cele ale lui Bleiholder \u0219i Weltzien (1972). La temperaturi mai mici de 14\u00b0C, perioada de incuba\u021bie devine mai lung\u0103 de 14 zile. Dac\u0103 temperatura scade sub 10\u00b0C, se \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 foarte pu\u021bine progrese \u00een dezvoltarea fungic\u0103, iar la 5\u00b0C nu este vizibil\u0103 nici o dezvoltare fungic\u0103.<\/p>

\"graficul-model<\/p>

Acest lucru explic\u0103 apari\u021bia t\u00e2rzie a agentului patogen \u00een c\u00e2mpurile de sfecl\u0103 de zah\u0103r din climatul rece. Dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la publica\u021biile realizate \u00een secolul actual, vom g\u0103si chiar \u0219i \u00een cazul locurilor mai r\u0103coroase c\u0103\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0pot fi g\u0103site p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii iunie. Revenind la anii \u0219aptezeci \u0219i optzeci ai secolului trecut\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0a fost g\u0103sit \u00een aceste locuri \u00een luna iulie, iar primele stropiri au trebuit aplicate la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii iulie \u0219i \u00eenceputul lunii august.<\/p>

\"graf-sugarbeet-3\"<\/p>

Bleiholder \u0219i Weltzien au cercetat \u0219i impactul temperaturii asupra form\u0103rii conidiilor. Ace\u0219tia au constatat c\u0103 s-au format foarte pu\u021bine conidii la temperaturi mai mici de 15\u00b0C, dar c\u0103 exist\u0103 o temperatur\u0103 optim\u0103 de 25\u00b0C \u0219i 30\u00b0C. Wolf et al. (2001) au analizat germina\u021bia \u0219i au g\u0103sit temperaturi optime la peste 22\u00b0C.<\/p>

Modelul simplu de risc utilizeaz\u0103 aceste constat\u0103ri pentru a evalua dac\u0103 ne putem a\u0219tepta la\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0deloc. Pentru aceasta, se caut\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i dac\u0103 perioada de incuba\u021bie ar putea fi \u00eendeplinit\u0103 \u00een ultimele 2 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni. \u00cen caz afirmativ, ob\u021binem 100% de incuba\u021bie, \u00een caz contrar, procentul de incuba\u021bie \u00een ultimele 2 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni va fi sub 100%. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 modelul de incuba\u021bie, modelul de risc utilizeaz\u0103 un model de sporula\u021bie. Condi\u021biile optime de 48 de ore de umiditate relativ\u0103 ridicat\u0103 cu o temperatur\u0103 medie de 30\u00b0C sunt utilizate ca 100% de sporulare.<\/p>

Riscul este 0 \u00een cazul \u00een care s-a constatat c\u0103 perioada de incuba\u021bie este mai mare de 2 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni. Dac\u0103 nu este cazul, rezultatul modelului va fi 1. \u00cen cazul \u00een care exist\u0103 un rezultat al modelului de sporula\u021bie mai mare de 10% calculat \u00een ultima s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, riscul va fi 2, iar dac\u0103 rezultatul sporula\u021biei este mai mare de 30%, riscul va fi 3. \u00cen cazul \u00een care c\u0103ut\u0103m rezultatul modelului, aici, pentru anul 2010, pentru un iMETOS localizat \u00een Styria, Austria, putem g\u0103si modelul de risc afi\u0219at \u00eempreun\u0103 cu modelul DIV. Ambele modele vor indica primul risc rezonabil \u0219i primele valori DIV acumulate la 6 \u00een dou\u0103 zile consecutive pentru mijlocul lunii iunie. Acest lucru ar indica prima pulverizare pentru soiurile sensibile pe acest sit. Soiurile cu sensibilitate moderat\u0103 ar putea fi stropite pu\u021bin mai t\u00e2rziu, cel mai bine la \u00eenceputul urm\u0103toarei perioade cu risc \u0219i valori DIV ridicate.<\/p>

\"Sfecl\u0103<\/a><\/p>

Model DIV dup\u0103 Shane \u0219i Teng<\/h3>

Wolf P.F.J. et al. (2001) au c\u0103utat influen\u021ba umidit\u0103\u021bii asupra epidemiologiei de\u00a0C. beticola<\/em> din nou. Constat\u0103rile lor sunt foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu cele ale altor cercet\u0103tori. Shane \u0219i Teng (1985) au formulat modelul Cercopsora pe baza nevoilor de umiditate ale bolii. Modelul DIV caut\u0103 orele \u00een care umiditatea relativ\u0103 este mai mare de 85% sau \u00een care frunzele sunt umede. Pe baza num\u0103rului de ore \u0219i a temperaturii medii din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, acesta indic\u0103 o DIV (valoare zilnic\u0103 de infec\u021bie) pentru ziua respectiv\u0103. \u00cen func\u021bie de sensibilitatea soiului, o valoare DIV acumulat\u0103 pe parcursul a dou\u0103 zile consecutive de 6 sau mai mult va indica necesitatea primei stropiri. Dac\u0103 avem soiuri mai rezistente, putem a\u0219tepta valori DIV cumulate mai mari \u00een zile consecutive. \u00cen exemplul nostru de mai jos, vom stropi soiurile sensibile la mijlocul lunii iunie, iar pentru soiurile mai rezistente vom putea a\u0219tepta p\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul lunii iulie.<\/p>

\"0-graph-sugarbeet-8\"<\/a><\/center>

CercoPrim<\/h3>

Acest model estimeaz\u0103 data primei apari\u021bii a\u00a0C. beticola<\/em>\u00a0pe baza temperaturilor medii zilnice cumulate de la 1 ianuarie la peste 5\u00b0C. Se ia pragul de 1006,2\u00b0C \u00een perioadele cu umiditate relativ\u0103 mai mare de 60%, iar dac\u0103 nu am avea umiditate relativ\u0103 este valabil un prag de 1081,9\u00b0C.<\/p>

Acest model a fost dezvoltat pentru Italia \u0219i este utilizat \u00een Italia \u0219i Germania.<\/p>

\"Sfecl\u0103<\/a><\/p>

Pentru anul 2010, \u00een Styria, CercoPrim indic\u0103 data de 19 iunie pentru prima pulverizare. Aceasta este aproximativ aceea\u0219i dat\u0103 pe care modelul de risc Pessl Instruments sau modelul DIV ar fi indicat-o pentru variet\u0103\u021bile sensibile la germinare.<\/p>

Utilizarea practic\u0103 a\u00a0C. beticola<\/em> modele<\/h3>

Toate cele trei modele indic\u0103 perioade de risc pentru\u00a0Cercospora beticola<\/em>. Modelul care verific\u0103 dac\u0103 perioada de incuba\u021bie a\u00a0Cercospora beticola<\/em> poate fi \u00eendeplinit\u0103 \u00een decurs de dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni va fi util\u0103 prim\u0103vara \u0219i la \u00eenceputul verii pentru a indica o apari\u021bie timpurie a acestei boli, a\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een multe p\u0103r\u021bi ale Europei \u00een sezonul 2000. Verificarea posibilit\u0103\u021bilor de sporula\u021bie \u0219i modelul de risc care utilizeaz\u0103 perioada de incuba\u021bie \u0219i posibilit\u0103\u021bile de sporula\u021bie vor indica perioadele de presiune ridicat\u0103 a bolii \u00een timpul sezonului \u00een curs, la fel ca modelul de infec\u021bie DIV de la Universitatea din Minnesota Crookston. Modelul DIV indic\u0103 o stropire atunci c\u00e2nd au fost dou\u0103 zile consecutive cu valori DIV de 6 sau mai mari. Combinarea modelului DIV cu rezultatul modelului CercoPrim indic\u0103 momentul \u00een care s-a aplicat prima pulverizare \u0219i c\u00e2nd ar trebui repetat\u0103 o pulverizare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Echipament recomandat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Verifica\u021bi ce set de senzori este necesar pentru monitorizarea bolilor poten\u021biale ale acestei culturi.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDESC\u0102RCA\u021aI FOAIA DE CALCUL<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sugar beet disease models In the nineteenth century, farmers had already learned that the yield of sugar beet decreased steadily when beet crops were grown repeatedly in narrow rotations. Schacht showed in 1859 that this damage was caused by beet cyst nematodes,\u00a0Heterodera schachtii, a parasite which has been a limiting factor in beet production until […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48774","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nDisease models - sugar beet - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-sugar-beet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - sugar beet - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sugar beet disease models In the nineteenth century, farmers had already learned that the yield of sugar beet decreased steadily when beet crops were grown repeatedly in narrow rotations. 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