{"id":43691,"date":"2022-06-29T07:57:08","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T07:57:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=43691"},"modified":"2024-02-09T09:23:50","modified_gmt":"2024-02-09T09:23:50","slug":"disease-models-almond-pistachio-walnut","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-almond-pistachio-walnut\/","title":{"rendered":"Modele de boli - migdale, fistic, nuci"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"43691\" class=\"elementor elementor-43691\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bba804d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bba804d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7939599\" data-id=\"7939599\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f28039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f28039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-43701\" alt=\"modele de boli ale migdalelor, fisticului, nucilor - foto de copert\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo-300x55.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo-1024x187.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo-768x140.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/almond-pistachio-walnut-disease-models-cover-photo-1536x280.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2188fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2188fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7979a52\" data-id=\"7979a52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a5554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47a5554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Migdale, fistic \u0219i nuci<\/b> modele de boli\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00a9ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00a9ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3211b04\" data-id=\"3211b04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97eb51e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97eb51e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#walnut-anthracnose\">ANTRACNOZA NUCULUI - <\/br><em>Gnomonia Leptostyla<\/em>\n\n<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca72e6\" data-id=\"cca72e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af1be1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af1be1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#walnut-blight\">CIUMA NUCULUI - <\/br><em>Xanthomonas Arboricola pv. Juglandis<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5512174\" data-id=\"5512174\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1087d44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1087d44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#leaf-spot-disease\">BOAL\u0102 DE P\u0102TARE A FRUNZELOR - <\/br><em>Alternaria Alternata<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1d4b03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1d4b03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4bfb4bf\" data-id=\"4bfb4bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02c379d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02c379d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#brown-rot\">BROWN ROT -<\/br><em>Monilia spp.<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d7d2df3\" data-id=\"d7d2df3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6784bd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6784bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#rust-on-almond\">RUGIN\u0102 PE MIGDAL\u0102 -<\/br><em>Tranzschelia discolor<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4df9cff\" data-id=\"4df9cff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b63825 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b63825\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f3a6b8a\" data-id=\"f3a6b8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92458b elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f92458b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Echipament recomandat<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d20f7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d20f7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43255f3\" data-id=\"43255f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35615a5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"35615a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9e87ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9e87ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6db8cf0\" data-id=\"6db8cf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f27c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d5f27c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"walnut-anthracnose\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e8f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21e8f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antracnoza nucului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a0e9b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a0e9b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boala antracnozei nucului este cauzat\u0103 de ciuperca patogen\u0103 Gnomonia leptostyla (stadiu imperfect: Marssonina juglandis), care infecteaz\u0103 \u00een principal nucul negru estic (Juglans nigra L.), dar se infecteaz\u0103 \u0219i soiurile Butternut, nuc persan sau englezesc, nuc de Hinds \u0219i nuc de California.<\/p><p>Arborele de nuc variaz\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sensibilitatea la agentul patogen, dar chiar \u0219i cei pu\u021bin sensibili se infecteaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd sunt asigurate condi\u021bii optime pentru ciuperca patogen\u0103. Antracnoza nucului este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 la nivel mondial.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Frunzele, nucile \u0219i, ocazional, l\u0103starii sunt susceptibile de a fi atacate. Pe frunzele infectate apar pete mici, de culoare maro \u00eenchis sau neagr\u0103, circulare sau neregulate. Aceste pete devin mai numeroase, se m\u0103resc \u0219i adesea se unesc pentru a forma zone moarte \u0219i mai mari. \u021aesutul foliar g\u0103lbui sau auriu m\u0103rgine\u0219te de obicei aceste pete. Frunzele \u0219i frunzele infectate cad, \u00een general, prematur, dar unele frunzuli\u021be infectate r\u0103m\u00e2n, de obicei, ata\u0219ate de copac pentru cea mai mare parte a sezonului.<\/p><p>Defolierea prematur\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 calitatea \u0219i cre\u0219terea nucilor. Nucile provenite de la arbori bolnavi au de obicei carnea \u00eenchis\u0103 la culoare, neatractiv\u0103 \u0219i zb\u00e2rcit\u0103. Pe cojile nucilor infectate apar pete ad\u00e2ncite, necrotice, mai mici dec\u00e2t cele de pe frunze. Nucile care se \u00eemboln\u0103vesc c\u00e2nd sunt imature nu se dezvolt\u0103 normal \u0219i multe cad prematur. Leziunile apar, de asemenea, pe l\u0103starii actuali, care sunt ataca\u021bi \u00een rare ocazii, \u0219i formeaz\u0103 zone moarte, scufundate, de form\u0103 oval\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la neregulat circular\u0103 \u0219i de culoare deschis\u0103, gri-maronie cu margini \u00eentunecate, brun-ro\u0219cate.<\/p><h3>Ciclul de via\u021b\u0103 al agentului patogen fungic<\/h3><p><u>Perithecia<\/u> se formeaz\u0103 \u00een timpul iernii la temperaturi <u>\u00eentre 7\u00b0C-10\u00b0C<\/u>. Pentru a forma periteciile sexuale, purt\u0103toare de spori, sunt necesare dou\u0103 tulpini compatibile. \u00cen cadrul fiec\u0103rui peritecium se dezvolt\u0103 mai multe asce, fiecare con\u021bin\u00e2nd opt ascospori. <u>Ascosporii sunt desc\u0103rcate<\/u> din perithecium \u00een timpul prim\u0103verii umede \u0219i sunt purtate de v\u00e2nt p\u00e2n\u0103 la frunze. Pentru evacuarea \u0219i diseminarea sporilor, este nevoie de ploaie. Temperatura optim\u0103 este <u>peste 10\u00b0C<\/u>. V\u00e2ntul \u0219i ploaia transport\u0103 sporii c\u0103tre noile frunze verzi, unde se produc infec\u021biile. Simptomele apar la \u00eenceputul lunii mai.<\/p><p>Frunzele infectate prezint\u0103 corpuri de fructificare asexuate mici \u0219i negre (acervuli). La o temperatur\u0103 de aproximativ 18\u00b0C, produc\u021bia acestor acervuli este cea mai mare, ace\u0219tia produc un num\u0103r mare de conidii. <u>Conidiile cauzeaz\u0103 sursa secundar\u0103 de infec\u021bie<\/u> (\u00een iunie-toamn\u0103). Este necesar\u0103 stropirea cu ploaie, iar umiditatea liber\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 pe suprafa\u021ba frunzelor mai mult de 6 ore. Temperatura optim\u0103 pentru infectare este de aproximativ 21\u00b0C. Simptomele pot fi observate dup\u0103 2-3 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni de incuba\u021bie.<\/p><p>\u00cen condi\u021bii nefavorabile (condi\u021bii uscate), sporii pot supravie\u021bui c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni. Ciuperca patogen\u0103 <u>ierneaz\u0103 \u00een frunzele c\u0103zute<\/u> (sub form\u0103 de peritecii) sau pe crengi de nuc (spori).<\/p><p>FieldClimate arat\u0103 probabilitatea de infectare \u0219i de eliberare a ascosporilor \u00een condi\u021bii favorabile, \u00een func\u021bie de temperatur\u0103, ploaie \u0219i umiditate foliar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716da29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716da29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21a422\" data-id=\"a21a422\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e16fc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"32e16fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fde9f2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fde9f2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e79913f\" data-id=\"e79913f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d87c4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3d87c4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"walnut-blight\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b56abf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b56abf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nuclee de nuc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ece09db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ece09db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boala bacterian\u0103 <i>Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis<\/i>, se nume\u0219te arsura nucului. Bacteria ierneaz\u0103 \u00een muguri \u0219i \u00een mugurii infecta\u021bi. Mugurii cu cele mai mari popula\u021bii de bacterii sunt cei care au cele mai mari \u0219anse de a dezvolta buboz\u0103. \u00cen timpul cre\u0219terii de prim\u0103var\u0103 timpurie, bacteriile se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc de-a lungul l\u0103starilor \u00een dezvoltare \u0219i a nucilor. Se pare c\u0103 exist\u0103 foarte pu\u021bin\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire secundar\u0103 la al\u021bi l\u0103stari \u0219i copaci prin intermediul pic\u0103turilor de ploaie. Acest lucru duce la apari\u021bia unor centre locale de infec\u021bie \u00een cadrul unui copac sau al unei livezi. Ploile frecvente \u0219i prelungite, chiar \u00eenainte \u0219i \u00een timpul \u00eenfloririi \u0219i timp de aproximativ 2 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni dup\u0103 aceea, au ca rezultat apari\u021bia unor focare grave de arsur\u0103 \u00een cadrul acestor centre locale de infec\u021bie. Acesta este momentul \u00een care nucile sunt cele mai sensibile.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Pe frunze, infec\u021bia apare mai \u00eent\u00e2i sub form\u0103 de pete brun-ro\u0219cate, iar pe tulpini sub form\u0103 de pete negre, u\u0219or deprimate, care deseori \u00eenglobeaz\u0103 l\u0103starii. Frunzele tinere infectate \u0219i mugurii infecta\u021bi devin maro \u00eenchis sau negri \u0219i mor cur\u00e2nd. Boala este grav\u0103 pe nuci, unde provoac\u0103 pete negre \u0219i v\u00e2scoase de diferite dimensiuni. Organismul p\u0103trunde \u00een coaj\u0103, \u00een coaj\u0103 \u0219i, ocazional, \u00een carnea comestibil\u0103. Infec\u021bia de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sezonului produce inele negre pe coji.<\/p><p>Boala bacterian\u0103 este favorizat\u0103 de anotimpurile calde, moderate, cu temperaturi de 10-28\u00b0C, ploi slabe \u0219i frecvente, cu v\u00e2nturi \u0219i rou\u0103 puternice. Dispersia local\u0103 este posibil\u0103 prin stropi de ploaie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27cbb41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27cbb41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1886ac6\" data-id=\"1886ac6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ca3300 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3ca3300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c36beca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c36beca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9169c6\" data-id=\"e9169c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be254cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"be254cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"leaf-spot-disease\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6483309 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6483309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Boala de p\u0103tare a frunzelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfaeb17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfaeb17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i>Alternaria alternata<\/i> provoac\u0103 boli de pete foliare, putregaiuri \u0219i b\u0103\u0219iciuni pe o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de plante gazd\u0103. Ciuperca face parte din categoria agen\u021bilor patogeni oportuni\u0219ti.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Petele de Alternaria apar ca pete maronii destul de mari pe frunze, cu un diametru de aproximativ 12-18 mm. Ciuperca produce spori, care se v\u0103d ca pete negre. P\u0103tarea frunzelor se dezvolt\u0103 cel mai rapid \u00een lunile iunie \u0219i iulie, iar copacii pot fi aproape complet defolia\u021bi la \u00eenceputul verii, atunci c\u00e2nd boala este sever\u0103. Boala pare s\u0103 fie mai sever\u0103 acolo unde se formeaz\u0103 rou\u0103, umiditatea este ridicat\u0103, iar aerul este stagnant.<\/p><p>Alternaria leaf spot poate ap\u0103rea pe migdalele cultivate oriunde \u00een Central Valley, dar rareori este suficient de sever\u0103 \u00een nordul San Joaquin Valley pentru a necesita tratament. A fost cel mai grav la pomii din sudul San Joaquin Valley \u0219i din nordul Sacramento Valley.<\/p><h3>Ciclul bolii<\/h3><p>Sporii asexua\u021bi ai ciupercii sunt cu pere\u021bi gro\u0219i, pluricelulare \u0219i pigmenta\u021bi \u0219i sunt capabili s\u0103 tolereze condi\u021bii nefavorabile, cum ar fi vremea uscat\u0103. Sporii sunt produ\u0219i pe frunze \u0219i, \u00een num\u0103r mai mic, pe fructe \u0219i pe crengile r\u0103mase pe copac, precum \u0219i pe litiera de frunze. Atunci c\u00e2nd nu exist\u0103 \u021besut sensibil disponibil, cum ar fi \u00een timpul iernii, ciuperca supravie\u021buie\u0219te pe frunzele mature, pe crengi \u0219i pe fructe. Produc\u021bia de spori este mai mare atunci c\u00e2nd <u>umiditatea relativ\u0103 este peste 85%<\/u>. Sporii sunt aeropurta\u021bi \u0219i eliberarea \u00een aer este declan\u0219at\u0103 de <u>precipita\u021bii <\/u>sau de o schimbare brusc\u0103 a umidit\u0103\u021bii relative. Odat\u0103 ce sporii sunt elibera\u021bi, ace\u0219tia sunt transporta\u021bi de v\u00e2nt c\u0103tre \u021besuturile sensibile, unde pot infecta. <u>C\u00e2nd temperaturile sunt favorabile 20-29\u00b0C<\/u>, durata perioadei de umezire necesar\u0103 pentru infectare este de aproximativ 8-10 ore. Atunci c\u00e2nd temperaturile scad sub 17\u00b0C sau cresc peste 32\u00b0C , ciuperca are nevoie de durate de umezire a frunzelor mai lungi (&gt;24 ore) pentru a provoca infec\u021bii semnificative.<\/p><p>La cultivarele foarte sensibile, doar 6 ore de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor pot duce la infec\u021bii. Cele mai multe dintre infec\u021bii urmeaz\u0103 probabil unui eveniment de ploaie, dar roua poate fi suficient\u0103 pentru a provoca infec\u021bii. De exemplu, \u00een Israel \u0219i Spania, dup\u0103 c\u0103derea petalelor plou\u0103 pu\u021bin, dar pot avea totu\u0219i o infec\u021bie semnificativ\u0103 ca urmare a <u>de rou\u0103 grea<\/u>.<\/p><h3>Modele de boli<\/h3><p>Modelul de boal\u0103 a luat na\u0219tere din\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/almond\/alternaria-leaf-spot\/#REFERENCE\">UC IPM<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p>Modelul calculeaz\u0103 un\u00a0<u>valoarea severit\u0103\u021bii bolii (DSV) pe zi<\/u>\u00a0(model similar cu TomCast din Tomato).<\/p><p>Valorile de severitate a bolii depind de temperatura medie din timpul perioadelor de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor pe parcursul unei zile. Aplicarea fungicidelor este recomandat\u0103 \u00een cazul \u00een care o\u00a0<u>se atinge o valoare a indicelui cumulat de 10 DSV sau mai mare pe o perioad\u0103 de 7 zile<\/u>.<\/p><p><b>TEMPERATURI MEDII<span style=\"font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-word-spacing );\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-word-spacing );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d395463 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"d395463\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"d395463\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-d395463\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-d395463\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"> (C) \u00een timpul umezelii<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"> Durata umezelii frunzelor (ore)<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"><\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"><\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"><\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\"><\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15-17\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-6\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u2013\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.1-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4-8\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-22\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20.1-25\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-2\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3-5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6-12\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t25.1-29\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0-3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4-8\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9-15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDVS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-430f081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"430f081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-c15a1ce-word-spacing );\">\u00cen unele livezi a fost documentat\u0103 rezisten\u021ba Alternaria sp. la fungicidele cu inhibitori de quinon\u0103 \u00een exterior (QoI) (cunoscute \u0219i sub numele de strobilurine) \u0219i la fungicidele cu inhibitori de succinat dehidrogenaz\u0103 (SDHI); \u00een aceste livezi nu se utilizeaz\u0103 fungicide din grupele de ac\u021biune FRAC cu modul de ac\u021biune num\u0103rul 7 sau 11.<\/span><\/p><h3>Management<\/h3><p>Boala apare prima \u0219i este mai grav\u0103 pe frunzele expuse. Arborii care au un coronament deschis \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit au, de obicei, o p\u0103tare mai sever\u0103 a frunzelor de Alternaria. Pomii planta\u021bi cu r\u00e2nduri \u00een direc\u021bia est-vest prezint\u0103, de asemenea, o boal\u0103 mai grav\u0103 dec\u00e2t livezile cu r\u00e2nduri plantate \u00een direc\u021bia nord-sud. Soiurile care sunt cele mai sensibile sunt Carmel, Sonora, Monterey, Winters \u0219i Butte. Urm\u0103ri\u021bi semnele de boal\u0103 \u00een perioada aprilie-iunie. \u00cen cazul \u00een care monitorizarea indic\u0103 prezen\u021ba Alternaria, \u00eencepe\u021bi tratamentele de prim\u0103var\u0103 t\u00e2rzie pe la mijlocul lunii aprilie. \u00cen livezile cu antecedente de boal\u0103, trata\u021bi la mijlocul sau la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii aprilie \u0219i 2 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 3 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p><p><i>Sursa:<\/i><\/p><ul><li>Dewdney M. M. (2013). Alternaria Brown Spot- Documentul PP152, unul dintr-o serie a Departamentului de Fitopatologie, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Data public\u0103rii originale: iulie 2001. Revizuit \u00een mai 2008. Revizuit \u00een iunie 2013. Vizita\u021bi site-ul web al EDIS la Edis.<\/li><li>Adaskaveg J. E., Gubler W. D., Duncan R., Stapleton J. J., Holtz B. A. (2012) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Almond; UC ANR Publication 3431. Aceast\u0103 pagin\u0103.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b5597b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b5597b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d3f0a2\" data-id=\"6d3f0a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f7b36 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2f7b36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-966a8ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"966a8ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a366982\" data-id=\"a366982\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e14451 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7e14451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"brown-rot\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a86dc73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a86dc73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Putregaiul brun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-630903b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"630903b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Putregaiul brun, cauzat de <em>Monilia spp.<\/em> (Monilia laxa, Monilia fructigena \u0219i Monilia fructicola) se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai distructive boli din \u00eentreaga Europ\u0103.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Florile pot fi infectate de la mugurii roz p\u00e2n\u0103 la c\u0103derea petalelor \u0219i sunt mai sensibile atunci c\u00e2nd sunt complet deschise. La migdale, stigmatul, anterele \u0219i petalele sunt toate foarte sensibile la infec\u021bie.<\/p><p>Simptomele bolii putregaiului brun constau \u00een ofilirea florilor de cire\u0219, precum \u0219i a v\u00e2rfului verde al crengilor, din cauza p\u0103trunderii agentului patogen \u00een floarea deschis\u0103 prin stigmatul pistilului sau al anterelor. Acest lucru duce, de obicei, la ofilirea \u00eentregii p\u0103r\u021bi a unei crengu\u021be de un an. Frunzele \u00eencep s\u0103 at\u00e2rne \u00een jos, mai t\u00e2rziu devin brune \u0219i rigide, dar de obicei nu cad pe sol, ele r\u0103m\u00e2n pe copac p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103vara anului urm\u0103tor. Uneori, mai ales \u00een condi\u021bii de umiditate, sunt vizibile pic\u0103turi de gum\u0103, care sunt simptome ale coloniz\u0103rii ciupercii, precum \u0219i ale caniculelor instalate. \u00cen condi\u021bii de umiditate ridicat\u0103, se formeaz\u0103 mase de spori de culoare cenu\u0219ie spre cafeniu pe p\u0103r\u021bile florale bolnave \u0219i pe cancerele ramurilor.<\/p><p>Fructele infectate sunt acoperite de pete putrefactive, din care apar sporodochii veruco\u0219i (hifes) cu conidii de forma \"de var\u0103\". \u00cen plus, la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul toamnei \u0219i iarna, ciuperca produce sporodochii de forma \"iarn\u0103\" pe crengile infectate. Cu timpul, fructele grav afectate devin mumificate. Miceliul care cre\u0219te \u00een astfel de mumii se agreg\u0103 treptat \u00een sclero\u021bi. Astfel de fructe r\u0103m\u00e2n pe copac \u00een timpul iernii.<\/p><p>Temperatura \u0219i durata umezelii sunt factori de mediu importan\u021bi, determin\u00e2nd inciden\u021ba infec\u021biei de <i>M. laxa<\/i> pe dulci flori de cire\u0219. <i>Monilia laxa<\/i> este bine adaptat\u0103 la <u>temperaturi relativ sc\u0103zute<\/u> \u00een timpul prim\u0103verii \u0219i provoac\u0103 infec\u021bii <u>la temperaturi de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 5\u00b0C<\/u> \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 foarte scurt\u0103 de durat\u0103 a umezelii. Infectarea florii active prin stim\u0103 nu are nevoie de o umiditate foliar\u0103 foarte mare. <u>Umiditatea frunzelor<\/u> este necesar\u0103 doar pentru germinarea conidiilor. Prin urmare, infectarea fructelor tinere necesit\u0103 perioade mai lungi de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor. Pentru a infecta fructele tinere, trebuie s\u0103 se formeze o appressorie \u0219i este nevoie de umiditate liber\u0103 pentru a crea presiunea necesar\u0103 pentru a forma un v\u00e2rf de infec\u021bie care s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een celula epidermei. Odat\u0103 cu maturitatea fructelor, cicatricile mici de pe fructe permit din nou o infec\u021bie f\u0103r\u0103 acul de infec\u021bie, iar durata necesar\u0103 de umezire a frunzelor devine din nou mai scurt\u0103.<\/p><p>Nu este posibil\u0103 sporularea dac\u0103 umiditatea relativ\u0103 nu dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te 85% umiditatea relativ\u0103.<\/p><h3>Modelul Brown rot \u00een FieldClimate<\/h3><div>Calculeaz\u0103 infec\u021biile slabe \u0219i grave. <u>Infec\u021bii slabe<\/u> sunt modelate pentru condi\u021biile de infectare <u>stadii foarte sensibile<\/u> ca florile \u0219i fructele r\u0103nite aproape de maturitate. Pentru a infecta aceste \u021besuturi, perioadele foarte scurte de umezeal\u0103 a frunzelor s-au dovedit a fi suficiente.<\/div><div><p>Mai multe studii, de exemplu: \"Phenological Analysis of Brown Rot Blossom Blight of Sweet Cherry Caused by <i>Monilinia laxa<\/i>\" (L. Tamm, Chr. E. Minder \u0219i W. Flickiger; 1994) sau \"Efectele r\u0103nilor, v\u00e2rstei fructelor \u0219i duratei de umezeal\u0103 asupra dezvolt\u0103rii putregaiului brun al cire\u0219ului \u00een Marea Britanie\". ( X.-M. Xu*, X.-M. Xu, C. Bertone \u0219i A. Berrie ;2003) au confirmat perioadele de umezeal\u0103 sc\u0103zute necesare pentru infec\u021bii. Mai departe, fructele imature sunt mai rezistente la infec\u021bii, dar aproape de maturitate devin mai sensibile \u0219i sunt date condi\u021biile pentru infec\u021bii severe.<\/p><p>Tiparele de dispersie de prim\u0103var\u0103 ale <i>Monilinia laxa<\/i> conidii la cais, piersic, prun \u0219i migdal. Canadian Journal of Botany (1974), 52: 167-176.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Modelarea climatului pe teren:<\/span> Probabil c\u0103 timpul necesar pentru infectare \u00een timpul \u00eenfloririi trebuie s\u0103 fie redus. Prin urmare, modelul scurteaz\u0103 infec\u021biile \u00een zona de 2000-4800 grade\/or\u0103 peste 5\u00b0C.<\/p><p>Primul grafic prezint\u0103 un model pentru Styria \u00een anul 2010, care indic\u0103 o infec\u021bie slab\u0103 la data de 6 aprilie. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, cire\u0219ul \u00eencepe s\u0103 \u00eenfloreasc\u0103. Aceast\u0103 infec\u021bie poate duce deja la infec\u021bii latente ale fructelor, ceea ce ar provoca daune grave. Florile t\u00e2rzii vor fi complet distruse de infec\u021bii la mijlocul sau la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii aprilie. Infec\u021biile severe sunt determinate pe 6 aprilie, datorit\u0103 perioadelor de umezeal\u0103 prelungit\u0103 \u0219i a temperaturilor de peste 5 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 15\u00b0C.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de42129 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de42129\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c979970\" data-id=\"c979970\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6607bc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f6607bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d09b7d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d09b7d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-97398bc\" data-id=\"97398bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9f6fc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"c9f6fc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"rust-on-almond\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14e50aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14e50aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rugin\u0103 pe migdal\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-860ac99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"860ac99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rugina este cauzat\u0103 de ciuperca patogen\u0103 <em>Tranzschelia discolor<\/em>.<\/p><h3>Simptomele<\/h3><p>Simptomele obi\u0219nuite ale bolii sunt caniculele de pe ramuri, leziunile de pe frunze \u0219i leziunile de pe fructe. Este posibil ca nu toate simptomele s\u0103 apar\u0103 \u00een fiecare sezon de cre\u0219tere.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cancerul crengilor<\/span><\/p><p>Cancerele de crengi sunt primele simptome prim\u0103vara. Ace\u0219ti chancri se dezvolt\u0103 dup\u0103 c\u0103derea petalelor prim\u0103vara, \u00een timpul dezvolt\u0103rii fructelor pe lemnul de un an. Simptomele sunt observate sub forma unor b\u0103\u0219ici \u0219i a unor despic\u0103turi longitudinale \u00een scoar\u021b\u0103. Infec\u021bia \u00eencepe cu leziuni \u00eembibate cu ap\u0103, care se umfl\u0103 \u0219i rup \u021besutul epidermic al ramurii. Cancerele se g\u0103sesc de obicei pe partea superioar\u0103, ro\u0219iatic\u0103, a ramurii. C\u00e2teva zile mai t\u00e2rziu (\u00een func\u021bie de temperatur\u0103), cancerele ajung la maturitate \u0219i produc mase pulverulente de culoare maro ruginie de spori specializa\u021bi (urediniospori). Ace\u0219ti urediniospori sunt spino\u0219i \u0219i puternic constric\u021bi la baz\u0103. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sezonului se mai pot observa \u00eenc\u0103 cancere vechi, care pot persista \u00een sezonul urm\u0103tor, dar nu mai produc spori viabili.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Leziuni ale frunzelor<\/span><\/p><p>Leziunile foliare se dezvolt\u0103 de obicei dup\u0103 ce se formeaz\u0103 canicul\u0103 prim\u0103vara \u0219i pot continua p\u00e2n\u0103 toamna. Defolierea poate ap\u0103rea atunci c\u00e2nd un num\u0103r mare de infec\u021bii se afl\u0103 pe o singur\u0103 frunz\u0103. Primele frunze infectate se afl\u0103 \u00een apropierea cancerelor din ramuri (sursa de infec\u021bie). Leziunile se dezvolt\u0103 sub forma unor pete de culoare verde-g\u0103lbuie palid\u0103, vizibile pe ambele suprafe\u021be ale frunzelor. Leziunile devin galben str\u0103lucitor, unghiulare \u0219i cu v\u00e2rsta se necrozeaz\u0103 \u00een centru. Pe suprafe\u021bele inferioare ale frunzelor se pot g\u0103si numeroase pustule de spori (uredini). Acestea devin brun-ruginii datorit\u0103 producerii de mase pulverulente de urediniospori. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sezonului, leziunile foliare pot deveni maro \u00eenchis p\u00e2n\u0103 la negru \u0219i produc teliospori cu dou\u0103 celule. Aceste leziuni foliare sunt de form\u0103 unghiular\u0103, de dimensiuni mici \u0219i de culoare maro ruginie.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Leziuni ale fructelor<\/span><\/p><p>Leziunile de pe fructe se dezvolt\u0103 \u00een timpul perioadei de vegeta\u021bie, dup\u0103 apari\u021bia simptomelor pe frunze. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd se observ\u0103 pete maronii cu halouri verzi pe fructele mature, de culoare galben\u0103. C\u00e2nd fructele se \u00eenro\u0219esc, halourile devin galben-verzui. Numeroase infec\u021bii se dezvolt\u0103 pe fiecare fruct \u0219i acestea pot duce la infec\u021bii secundare cu al\u021bi agen\u021bi patogeni fungici, cum ar fi Monilinia, Colletotrichum, Alternaria sau Cladosporium.<\/p><h3>Agen\u021bi patogeni<\/h3><div>Ciuperca patogen\u0103 atac\u0103 plantele din genul Prunus, inclusiv migdalele, caisele, cire\u0219ele, piersicile, nectarinele, prunele \u0219i prunele uscate. Ciuperca poate fi separat\u0103 prin forme speciale, \u00een func\u021bie de gazda \u00een care se g\u0103se\u0219te. Aceste forme sunt: T. discolor f. sp. persicae pe piersic, T. discolor f. sp. dulcis pe migdal, T. discolor f. sp. domesticae pe prune.<\/div><div><p>Ciuperca are mai multe stadii de spori, care se dezvolt\u0103 pe dou\u0103 gazde diferite (gazde alternative). Singura gazd\u0103 alternativ\u0103 care a fost semnalat\u0103 \u00een California este Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae). Diferitele stadii ale sporilor sunt urediniospori, teliospori, basidiospori \u0219i etiospori. Numai urediniosporii \u0219i teliosporii se g\u0103sesc pe Prunus sp.<\/p><p>Urediniosporii monocelulare, de culoare brun-ruginie, sunt produ\u0219i pe piersici \u0219i pot reinfecta piersicile. Aceast\u0103 infec\u021bie secundar\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een plus, produc\u021bia de spori \u0219i reinfectarea provoac\u0103 daune epidemice la piersici. Teliosporii, care se dezvolt\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sezonului pe piersici, nu sunt capabili s\u0103 reinfecteze piersicile. Dup\u0103 iernare, teliosporii germineaz\u0103 \u0219i produc bazidiospori care infecteaz\u0103 gazda alternativ\u0103 Anemone coronaria.<\/p><p>Aeciosporii produ\u0219i pe A. coronaria infecteaz\u0103 numai Prunus spp. \u0219i infec\u021bia produce primul ciclu de urediniospori \u00een prim\u0103var\u0103. A. coronaria este rar\u0103 \u00een cur\u021bile de fructe cu s\u00e2mburi \u0219i, probabil, nu este sursa primei infec\u021bii din cur\u021bi.<\/p><p>Ciuperca ierneaz\u0103 probabil sub form\u0103 de miceliu \u00een lemnul de rod infectat din vara sau toamna precedent\u0103. Prim\u0103vara, aceste infec\u021bii se transform\u0103 \u00een cancere de crengi, care reprezint\u0103 sursa de inoculum primar \u00een fiecare an. Urediniosporii de la crengile canceroase infecteaz\u0103 frunzele, unde se produc mai mul\u021bi spori \u00een leziuni \u0219i, \u00een condi\u021bii favorabile, boala devine epidemic\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Referin\u021be:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Adaskaveg JE, Soto-Estrada, A, F\u00f6rster, H, Thompson, D, Hasey, J, Manji, BT, Teviotdale, B. (2000) Rugina piersicilor cauzat\u0103 de Tranzschelia discolor \u00een California. Universitatea din California. Agricultur\u0103 \u0219i resurse naturale.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><h3>Condi\u021bii pentru o infec\u021bie - ie\u0219ire \u00een FieldClimate<\/h3><div>Urediniosporii sunt dispersa\u021bi prin <b>v\u00e2nt \u0219i precipita\u021bii<\/b>. Ele germineaz\u0103 pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 larg\u0103\u00a0<b>temperatur\u0103\u00a0<\/b>variaz\u0103 \u00eentre 5\u00b0C \u0219i 30\u00b0C, cu un interval optim de temperatur\u0103 de 10-25\u00b0C. Viabilitatea inoculului \u0219i a\u00a0<b>umezeal\u0103\u00a0<\/b>sunt factori importan\u021bi pentru determinarea perioadelor de infec\u021bie.<\/div><div><p>Infec\u021biile frunzelor \u0219i ramurilor pot ap\u0103rea \u00eentr-o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de perioade de umezeal\u0103 (12-36 ore) \u0219i temperaturi (15-25\u00b0C). \u00cen condi\u021bii controlate, durata de umezeal\u0103 \u0219i temperatura optime pentru infec\u021bie au fost de 18 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 36 de ore la 15\u00b0C-20\u00b0C. Perioada de incuba\u021bie dup\u0103 infec\u021bie este de 8-10 zile, \u00een timp ce perioada de incuba\u021bie pentru simptomele de pe ramuri este de 4-6 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni la 20\u00b0C.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30a41ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30a41ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-562082c\" data-id=\"562082c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-241204a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"241204a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aa1dfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8aa1dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Echipament recomandat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac85886 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac85886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be427fc\" data-id=\"be427fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a8712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a8712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Verifica\u021bi ce set de senzori este necesar pentru monitorizarea bolilor poten\u021biale ale acestei culturi.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d8e509\" data-id=\"5d8e509\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-feace53 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"feace53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DESC\u0102RCA\u021aI FOAIA DE CALCUL<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Almond, pistachio and walnut disease models WALNUT ANTHRACNOSE \u2013 Gnomonia Leptostyla WALNUT BLIGHT \u2013 Xanthomonas Arboricola pv. Juglandis LEAF SPOT DISEASE \u2013 Alternaria Alternata BROWN ROT \u2013Monilia spp. RUST ON ALMOND \u2013Tranzschelia discolor Recommended equipment Walnut Anthracnose The disease walnut anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Gnomonia leptostyla (imperfect stage: Marssonina juglandis), which infects [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-43691","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - almond, pistachio, walnut - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/ro\/disease-models-almond-pistachio-walnut\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - almond, pistachio, walnut - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Almond, pistachio and walnut disease models WALNUT ANTHRACNOSE \u2013 Gnomonia Leptostyla WALNUT BLIGHT \u2013 Xanthomonas Arboricola pv. 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