{"id":45608,"date":"2021-12-14T11:24:35","date_gmt":"2021-12-14T11:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=41386"},"modified":"2023-06-21T08:02:38","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:02:38","slug":"growing-wheat-and-tillage-technologies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/pt\/growing-wheat-and-tillage-technologies\/","title":{"rendered":"Estudo de caso: Cultivo de Trigo com tecnologia Sem Lavoura e de Lavoura Convencional"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"45608\" class=\"elementor elementor-45608\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-590251e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"590251e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61742a9\" data-id=\"61742a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3563d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3563d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sistemas de lavoura utilizados em muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es nas explora\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas para a produtividade da cultura do trigo.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-870c914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"870c914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Estudo de caso: Cultivo de Trigo com tecnologia Sem Lavoura e de Lavoura Convencional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00f8a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f00f8a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os sistemas de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o total do solo utilizados em muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas intensivas t\u00eam um grande impacto na produtividade das culturas agr\u00edcolas, especialmente nas condi\u00e7\u00f5es meteorol\u00f3gicas vari\u00e1veis que se verificam actualmente.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-53762\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat.jpg\" alt=\"cultura de trigo_cover\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/growing-wheat-600x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p><p>O impacto das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, recentemente e no futuro, obrigou e obrigar\u00e1 os agricultores a reverem as suas tecnologias\/metodologias de cultivo de A a Z, incluindo as pr\u00e1ticas de lavoura.<\/p><p>Para passar de uma tecnologia para outra com seguran\u00e7a e sem perdas significativas nas explora\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas causadas por enormes investimentos em equipamento especializado de lavoura, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio compreender como os solos e, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, a produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola, reagir\u00e3o \u00e0s novas tecnologias\/pr\u00e1ticas em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com a altera\u00e7\u00e3o das condi\u00e7\u00f5es microclim\u00e1ticas, tais como:<\/p><ul><li>a\u00a0<strong>quantidade de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o anual e sua distribui\u00e7\u00e3o sazonal<\/strong>, as varia\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura e, mais especificamente, a temperatura do solo, num ano civil<\/li><li><strong>textura do solo em todo o seu perfil f\u00e9rtil<\/strong>, capacidade de campo (CF) e n\u00edvel de compacta\u00e7\u00e3o do solo<\/li><\/ul><p>Dado que o equipamento para as tecnologias conservadoras \"No-Till\" e \"Strip-Till\" requerem um investimento muito mais elevado em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a metodologia convencional, o retorno do investimento, neste caso, \u00e9 uma prioridade importante para o agricultor, raz\u00e3o pela qual todas as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de crescimento que influenciam a colheita devem ser consideradas.<\/p><h4>\u00a0<\/h4><h3>ESTUDOS E AN\u00c1LISES<\/h3><p>Embora, nos \u00faltimos anos, os estudos comparativos de diferentes tecnologias de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo tenham contribu\u00eddo para a compreens\u00e3o e as t\u00e9cnicas de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o, foram analisados os par\u00e2metros globais, o rendimento, a efici\u00eancia econ\u00f3mica, o impacto qualitativo no solo, etc., mas n\u00e3o as causas subjacentes a estas altera\u00e7\u00f5es qualitativas, que, em diferentes condi\u00e7\u00f5es, podem afectar negativamente a produtividade e a efici\u00eancia das tecnologias de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo aplicadas.<\/p><p>A humidade do solo, em particular o CF (ver abreviatura no final do documento) e o WP, s\u00e3o os par\u00e2metros b\u00e1sicos do solo necess\u00e1rios para avaliar a capacidade do solo para armazenar e fornecer \u00e1gua \u00e0 cultura.<\/p><p>Isto \u00e9 determinado pela textura do solo, que \u00e9 o ponto de partida para a melhor escolha do m\u00e9todo de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46158 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Table1_Wheat-growing.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"212\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Table1_Wheat-growing.png 636w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Table1_Wheat-growing-300x100.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 636px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 636\/212;\" \/><\/p><p>Tal como descrito no Quadro 1, a textura do solo afecta a capacidade de reten\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua. Os solos soltos, independentemente da sua textura, t\u00eam um CF mais elevado do que os solos compactados, o que significa que estes solos soltos podem reter um maior volume de \u00e1gua por unidade de solo.<\/p><p>No entanto, nem sempre os solos com elevada capacidade de reten\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua garantem uma reserva de \u00e1gua suficiente durante todo o per\u00edodo de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, devido \u00e0 r\u00e1pida perda de volumes de \u00e1gua armazenados entre as part\u00edculas do solo, por evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o e movimento gravitacional da \u00e1gua para os perfis inferiores do solo.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-46165 size-full aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture1_Wheat-growing.jpg\" alt=\"As ra\u00edzes de diferentes plantas\" width=\"632\" height=\"395\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture1_Wheat-growing.jpg 632w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture1_Wheat-growing-300x188.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 632px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 632\/395;\" \/><\/p><p>A figura 1 ilustra que as ra\u00edzes de algumas culturas podem penetrar a profundidades superiores a 2,5 m. No entanto, a maior parte da \u00e1gua do solo \u00e9 consumida pelo sistema radicular principal, que se encontra na camada de 1 a 1,5 metros de profundidade. \u00c9 por isso que o solo deve ser analisado a pelo menos 0,6 m de profundidade, para garantir que a planta tenha condi\u00e7\u00f5es de crescer e consumir nutrientes e \u00e1gua.<\/p><h4>\u00a0<\/h4><h3>A EXPERIMENTA\u00c7\u00c3O<\/h3><p>Para examinar as afirma\u00e7\u00f5es acima, foi realizada uma experi\u00eancia de campo para o per\u00edodo entre 11 de Novembro de 2020 e 27 de Julho de 2021, para o cultivo de trigo de Inverno. Foram instalados sensores de humidade e temperatura do solo at\u00e9 60 cm de profundidade, juntamente com a evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o e a precipita\u00e7\u00e3o. Duas parcelas adjacentes com diferentes tecnologias de lavoura tamb\u00e9m foram monitorizadas.<\/p><p>A primeira parcela foi arada no Outono (2020) a uma profundidade de 28 cm e, antes da sementeira, foi solta a uma profundidade de 60 cm.<\/p><p>A segunda parcela n\u00e3o foi lavrada.<\/p><p>Textura do solo em ambas as parcelas: argilosa, com milho plantado durante o per\u00edodo de cultivo anterior.<\/p><p>A quantidade de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o (Gr\u00e1fico 1) durante o per\u00edodo vegetativo do Trigo de Inverno da \u00e9poca 2020\/2021 foi de 482 mm. O gr\u00e1fico abaixo mostra a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o mensal da precipita\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph1_Wheat-growing.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46166 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph1_Wheat-growing.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph1_Wheat-growing.png 632w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph1_Wheat-growing-300x169.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/281;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>Os par\u00e2metros ambientais e do solo acima referidos foram medidos continuamente, com uma frequ\u00eancia de 5 minutos. A temperatura e a humidade do solo foram medidas a v\u00e1rias profundidades, nomeadamente: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 cm.<\/p><p>Com base nestas medi\u00e7\u00f5es, foram analisadas as altera\u00e7\u00f5es na humidade do solo e o movimento da \u00e1gua em ambas as parcelas.<\/p><p>O\u00a0<strong>objectivo principal<\/strong>\u00a0O objectivo da experi\u00eancia era obter informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre:<\/p><ul><li><strong>A capacidade do solo para reter \u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0em ambas as parcelas estudadas (sem lavoura e com lavoura).<\/li><li><strong>A quantidade de chuva necess\u00e1ria para atingir o n\u00edvel \u00f3ptimo de CF<\/strong>\u00a0em parcelas com diferentes tecnologias de lavoura.<\/li><li><strong>A velocidade de infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua no solo<\/strong>\u00a0em ambos os casos.<\/li><li><strong>As condi\u00e7\u00f5es e a velocidade a que o solo perde \u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0devido \u00e0 evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li><\/ul><h4>\u00a0<\/h4><h3>RESULTADOS<\/h3><p>Os resultados obtidos nesta experi\u00eancia\u00a0<strong>confirmar os benef\u00edcios da tecnologia de plantio direto em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 tecnologia de plantio convencional<\/strong>, ilustrando o facto:<\/p><ul><li>Redu\u00e7\u00e3o dos custos de gas\u00f3leo e do tempo de trabalho at\u00e9 50%.<\/li><li>Aumento da produ\u00e7\u00e3o at\u00e9 10% nos primeiros anos (tem um efeito cumulativo na produ\u00e7\u00e3o a longo prazo).<\/li><li>Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o da fertilidade do solo.<\/li><li>Aumentar a mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica do solo.<\/li><li>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua do solo (mais \u00e1gua retida no solo).<\/li><\/ul><p>Os benef\u00edcios acima enumerados n\u00e3o s\u00e3o o m\u00e1ximo que se pode obter com a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o desta tecnologia. Pode trazer mais lucros para os agricultores e para o ambiente, atrav\u00e9s da monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua dos par\u00e2metros ambientais e do solo que influenciam directamente a produtividade das culturas agr\u00edcolas.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph2_Wheat-growing.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46167 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph2_Wheat-growing.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"304\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph2_Wheat-growing.png 621w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph2_Wheat-growing-300x182.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/304;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>O\u00a0<strong>an\u00e1lise da humidade do solo<\/strong>\u00a0no perfil de 0 a 60 cm (Gr\u00e1fico 2), em ambas as parcelas ao longo do per\u00edodo vegetativo, mostra o seguinte:<\/p><ul><li>O volume de \u00e1gua retido pelo solo na parcela lavrada \u00e9 maior durante toda a esta\u00e7\u00e3o de crescimento.<\/li><li>O solo lavrado reage mais rapidamente e ret\u00e9m mais \u00e1gua da precipita\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li><li>O solo n\u00e3o arado absorve mais eficazmente a \u00e1gua da neve derretida (Fig. 2).<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture2_Wheat-growing.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46168 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture2_Wheat-growing.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"146\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture2_Wheat-growing.jpg 631w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture2_Wheat-growing-300x87.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/146;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>Na aus\u00eancia de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o, o\u00a0<strong>o solo n\u00e3o arado ret\u00e9m melhor a \u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0devido ao menor n\u00edvel de movimento gravitacional.<\/p><ul><li>A temperatura do solo n\u00e3o arado durante os per\u00edodos quentes do ano \u00e9 mais baixa, o que leva a um n\u00edvel mais baixo de evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o no solo arado.<\/li><li>Durante a chuva intensa, o solo lavrado absorve um maior volume de \u00e1gua, mas perde \u00e1gua mais rapidamente do que o solo n\u00e3o lavrado, o que se deve a uma maior evapora\u00e7\u00e3o e percola\u00e7\u00e3o profunda.<\/li><li>O teor de \u00e1gua do solo deve ser sempre analisado qualitativa e quantitativamente, a diferentes profundidades, certificando-se de que a humidade do solo se encontra dentro dos limites ideais de acordo com o CF e o WP do solo.<\/li><\/ul><p>Analisar\u00a0<strong>a din\u00e2mica e o teor de \u00e1gua no solo<\/strong>\u00a00 a 30 cm de profundidade (Gr\u00e1fico 3), observamos o seguinte:<\/p><ul><li>A capacidade de reten\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua do solo lavrado \u00e9 superior \u00e0 do solo n\u00e3o lavrado.<\/li><li>Em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de seca, os solos da parcela lavrada apresentam maiores perdas por evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de sequeiro.<\/li><li>A camada de 30 cm da parcela n\u00e3o arada perde \u00e1gua at\u00e9 ao ponto de murcha (stress) v\u00e1rias vezes durante o per\u00edodo de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li><li>Os solos das parcelas n\u00e3o aradas em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de seca perdem \u00e1gua mais lentamente.<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph3_Wheat-growing.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46169 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph3_Wheat-growing.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"304\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph3_Wheat-growing.png 593w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph3_Wheat-growing-300x182.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/304;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>O\u00a0<strong>comportamento da \u00e1gua do solo <\/strong>na profundidade de 40 a 60 cm \u00e9 completamente diferente em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a camada superior em ambas as parcelas analisadas (Gr\u00e1fico 4).<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph4_Wheat-growing.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46170 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph4_Wheat-growing.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"304\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph4_Wheat-growing.png 630w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Graph4_Wheat-growing-300x182.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/304;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>Os dados do gr\u00e1fico (gr\u00e1fico 4) ilustram o seguinte:<\/p><ul><li>O solo n\u00e3o arado ret\u00e9m um maior volume de \u00e1gua em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o solo arado \u00e0 mesma profundidade.<\/li><li>O movimento gravitacional da \u00e1gua diminuiu o teor de \u00e1gua na parcela lavrada, at\u00e9 ao ponto de murcha, v\u00e1rias vezes durante o per\u00edodo de observa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li><li>Durante a seca, o volume de \u00e1gua no solo lavrado diminui at\u00e9 ao n\u00edvel cr\u00edtico (stress extremo), o que n\u00e3o acontece com o solo n\u00e3o lavrado.<\/li><li>Mesmo em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de seca, o solo da parcela n\u00e3o lavrada manteve a \u00e1gua no ponto de murcha durante v\u00e1rios dias mais do que os solos lavrados.<\/li><\/ul><p>Os resultados da experi\u00eancia e as constata\u00e7\u00f5es acima permitem-nos tirar conclus\u00f5es e propostas importantes para a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o da tecnologia e das metodologias do \"plantio direto\".<\/p><h4>\u00a0<\/h4><h3>CONCLUS\u00c3O<\/h3><p><strong>Teor de \u00e1gua no perfil do solo de 0 a 30 cm<\/strong><\/p><p>A principal conclus\u00e3o \u00e9 que o solo da parcela lavrada pode fornecer \u00e0 planta um maior volume de \u00e1gua durante todo o per\u00edodo de crescimento da cultura, mas apenas com precipita\u00e7\u00e3o suficiente.<\/p><p>Em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de seca, ambas as parcelas perdem \u00e1gua devido ao movimento gravitacional da \u00e1gua e \u00e0 evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o com a mesma velocidade, atingindo o n\u00edvel de stress extremo para a cultura.<\/p><p>Neste caso, podemos dizer que o solo n\u00e3o arado \u00e9 inferior, qualitativa e quantitativamente, em diferentes condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas.<\/p><p>Assim, para os solos de textura argilosa, recomendamos a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da tecnologia Mini-Till, que consiste em trabalhar apenas a camada superficial para aumentar a capacidade de campo (CC) do solo e fornecer \u00e0s culturas um volume de \u00e1gua suficiente durante o per\u00edodo imediatamente ap\u00f3s a sementeira e o crescimento vegetativo activo.<\/p><p><strong>Teor de \u00e1gua no perfil do solo de 40 a 60 cm<\/strong><\/p><p>O teor de \u00e1gua neste perfil do solo comporta-se de forma completamente diferente dos 0 a 30 cm.<\/p><p>Seguindo o Gr\u00e1fico 4, verificamos que o volume de \u00e1gua retido na camada de 40 a 60 cm na parcela n\u00e3o arada \u00e9 muito maior durante todo o per\u00edodo vegetativo, inclusive durante a seca.<\/p><p>\u00c9 aqui que se confirma a superioridade da tecnologia\/metodologia de plantio direto sobre a tecnologia\/metodologia de plantio convencional.<\/p><p>A explica\u00e7\u00e3o para este fen\u00f3meno \u00e9 que o solo compactado ret\u00e9m melhor a \u00e1gua gravitacional e reduz o seu escoamento nas camadas inferiores.<\/p><p>Assim, a camada de 40 a 60 cm torna-se uma importante fonte de \u00e1gua e de nutrientes para as plantas durante todo o per\u00edodo vegetativo do trigo de Inverno.<\/p><p>Se tivermos em conta a morfologia das ra\u00edzes (Figura 1), verificamos que a camada de 40 a 60 cm de profundidade \u00e9 o hospedeiro do sistema radicular principal e tem o papel b\u00e1sico de fornecer \u00e1gua nas fases de crescimento vegetativo activo.<\/p><p>Nesta experi\u00eancia, o solo n\u00e3o arado a uma profundidade de 40 a 60 cm provou ser o solo com qualidades especiais de reten\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua.<\/p><p>Isto n\u00e3o significa necessariamente que o fen\u00f3meno seja o mesmo noutros campos com uma textura ou culturas diferentes e noutras regi\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Para garantir que o solo tem boas qualidades de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio monitorizar a humidade no perfil do solo de 0 a 100 cm, pelo menos durante a esta\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola (pr\u00e9-sementeira a p\u00f3s-colheita). Para compreender plenamente a humidade do solo a v\u00e1rias profundidades, \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m necess\u00e1rio examinar outras vari\u00e1veis ambientais importantes, como a precipita\u00e7\u00e3o, a evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o, a temperatura do ar e a temperatura do solo.<\/p><p><strong>Textura e perfil do solo<\/strong><\/p><p>Porque a CA pode ser influenciada pela compacta\u00e7\u00e3o do solo\u00a0<strong>recomenda-se o controlo regular dos n\u00edveis de FC para evitar uma compacta\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva do solo<\/strong>de modo a minimizar a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do volume de \u00e1gua no solo.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-46171 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture3_Wheat-growing-197x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"197\" height=\"300\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture3_Wheat-growing-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Picture3_Wheat-growing.jpg 355w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 197px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 197\/300;\" \/><\/p><p>Conhecendo os par\u00e2metros acima mencionados, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel adaptar a tecnologia de lavoura para uma utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o eficiente de todos os recursos.<\/p><p>No caso dos solos de textura argilosa,\u00a0<strong>recomenda-se a lavoura de superf\u00edcie para aumentar a capacidade de campo da camada superficial<\/strong>\u00a0e ter uma camada de solo que permita a penetra\u00e7\u00e3o lenta da \u00e1gua nas camadas inferiores.<\/p><p>As camadas inferiores do solo devem permanecer intactas desde que o solo tenha boas qualidades de reten\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua, o que significa que ret\u00eam um volume suficiente de \u00e1gua dentro dos limites \u00f3ptimos da capacidade de campo relacionados com a sua textura.<\/p><p>Se o solo j\u00e1 n\u00e3o tiver capacidade suficiente de reten\u00e7\u00e3o e absor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua, o que pode ser verificado com sensores de humidade do solo, recomenda-se um afrouxamento profundo do solo para restaurar as suas propriedades f\u00edsicas.<\/p><p>Em conclus\u00e3o,\u00a0<strong>podemos dizer que a tecnologia\/metodologia da sementeira directa n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma ferramenta universal que possa ser aplicada em todo o lado<\/strong>\u00a0para obter os benef\u00edcios atribu\u00eddos a esta tecnologia\/metodologia.<\/p><p>A fim de beneficiar constantemente da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o desta tecnologia,\u00a0<strong>\u00e9 necess\u00e1rio monitorizar continuamente uma s\u00e9rie de par\u00e2metros do solo e do ambiente<\/strong>que s\u00e3o indicadores qualitativos e quantitativos b\u00e1sicos do ciclo da \u00e1gua neste ecossistema.<\/p><p>Tendo em conta todos estes resultados, verificamos que quando\u00a0<strong>Ao escolher a tecnologia\/metodologia de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo, quer seja o plantio direto ou o plantio m\u00ednimo, todas as considera\u00e7\u00f5es acima devem ser levadas em conta e aplicadas com as propriedades f\u00edsicas do solo, que podem variar mesmo dentro de uma fazenda.<\/strong>\u00a0Isto pode conduzir a mapas de zona\u00e7\u00e3o para o plantio direto ou o plantio m\u00ednimo.<\/p><p>Isto significa que s\u00f3 depois de estudar as propriedades f\u00edsicas do solo em pormenor e em todo o perfil \u00e9 que podemos identificar qual \u00e9 a tecnologia\/metodologia de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo mais adequada e econ\u00f3mica para a explora\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0adaa01 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0adaa01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2fa061 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2fa061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materiais e dispositivos utilizados:<br \/><strong><a href=\"\/pt\/imetos33\/\">iMETOS 3.3 IMT300<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0- o dispositivo de medi\u00e7\u00e3o dos par\u00e2metros ambientais (Precipita\u00e7\u00e3o, Temperatura do ar, Humidade, Radia\u00e7\u00e3o solar, Evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o, Velocidade do vento).<\/p><p><strong>iMETOS ECO D3<\/strong>\u00a0- Dispositivo de monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo com sensor Sentek Drill &amp; Drop de 90 cm para medir a humidade e a temperatura do solo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1775b7c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1775b7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64e1fce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64e1fce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Literatura:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D. e Smith, M. (). Crop Evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.climasouth.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/FAO%2056.pdf\"><em>ClimaSul<\/em><\/a>.<\/li><li>Boincean, B., Volosciuc, L., Rurac, M., Hurmuzachi, I. e Baltag, G. (2020). Agricultura Conservativ\u0103: Manual pentru produc\u0103tori agricoli \u0219i formatori. <a href=\"http:\/\/dspace.uasm.md\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/6529\/rurac.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\"><em>USARB<\/em><\/a>.<\/li><li>Popescu, V. (28. 09. 2018). Rota\u0163ia culturilor are reguli bine \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinate.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revista-ferma.ro\/articole\/agronomie\/rotatia-culturilor-are-reguli-bine-inradacinate\">Revista ferma<\/a><\/em>.<\/li><li>\u015earpe, N. (2008). Agrotehnica Culturilor.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aea608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8aea608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00ae5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f00ae5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/pt\/blog-news\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VOLTAR A TODAS AS ENTRADAS DO BLOGUE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tillage systems used in many on-farm applications for the productivity of growing wheat. Case study: Growing Wheat with No-Tillage and Conventional Tillage technology Full tillage systems used in many on-farm applications of intensive agriculture greatly impact the productivity of agricultural crops, especially under variable weather conditions experienced today. The impact of climate change recently and 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