{"id":49542,"date":"2022-12-02T10:54:04","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T10:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49542"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:39:36","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T09:39:36","slug":"disease-models-grapevine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/pl\/disease-models-grapevine\/","title":{"rendered":"Modele chor\u00f3b - winoro\u015bl"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49542\" class=\"elementor elementor-49542\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-155396b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"155396b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fa5e63\" data-id=\"9fa5e63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db8300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8db8300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49545\" alt=\"Modele chor\u00f3b - winoro\u015bl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-grapewine-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94cf8ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94cf8ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb4b0a7\" data-id=\"bb4b0a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb37e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2eb37e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Grapevine <\/b>modele choroby<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-567e0e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"567e0e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e5e5b67\" data-id=\"e5e5b67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53933d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c53933d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-grey-mould\">SZARA MULDA -<\/br><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6e5772\" data-id=\"b6e5772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cffc89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cffc89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-anthracnose\">ANTHRACNOSE -<\/br><em>Elsinoe ampelina<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-508fc2f\" data-id=\"508fc2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb43d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fb43d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-black-rot\">CZARNA ZGNILIZNA WINORO\u015aLI -<\/br><em>Guignardia bidwellii<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bcd99b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bcd99b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b49f1b\" data-id=\"1b49f1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c845e56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c845e56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-berry-moths\">\u0106MY WINNICZEK -.<\/br><em>Lobesia botrana<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-883020c\" data-id=\"883020c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f8dcc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f8dcc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#phomopsis\">PHOMOPSIS PLAMISTO\u015a\u0106 TRZCINY I LI\u015aCI-<\/br><em>Phomopsis viticola<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8123214\" data-id=\"8123214\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0065f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0065f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-downy-mildew\">DOWNY MILDEW -.<\/br><em>Plasmopara viticola<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16daeb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16daeb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9b8669\" data-id=\"c9b8669\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e720c25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e720c25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#grapewine-powdery-mildew\">M\u0104CZNIAK RZEKOMY -<\/br><em>Uncinula necator<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c51007\" data-id=\"3c51007\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91b699c\" data-id=\"91b699c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69250d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69250d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8763740\" data-id=\"8763740\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-069cebd elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"069cebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Zalecane wyposa\u017cenie<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f7d524f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f7d524f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b87e1f8\" data-id=\"b87e1f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48af720 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48af720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e27f85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e27f85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-647e700\" data-id=\"647e700\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d846092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d846092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-downy-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6e7baf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6e7baf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u0105czniak rzekomy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c7cde6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c7cde6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62202\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62202\" style=\"width: 587px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62202 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"587\" height=\"495\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape.png 587w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Downy-mildew-of-grape-14x12.png 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 587px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 587\/495;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62202\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Ash, G. (2000). M\u0105czniak rzekomy winogron. The Plant Health Instructor.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Patogenem m\u0105czniaka rzekomego winogron jest <em>Plasmopara viticola<\/em>. Jest paso\u017cytem obligatoryjnym, co oznacza, \u017ce do wzrostu potrzebuje zielonych i \u015bwie\u017cych organ\u00f3w winoro\u015bli. Ma zar\u00f3wno bezp\u0142ciowe, jak i p\u0142ciowe stadia reprodukcyjne - zoospory i oospory. W zwi\u0105zku z tym istniej\u0105 dwa etapy infekcji: infekcja pierwotna i wt\u00f3rna.<br \/>Pierwotna infekcja rozpoczyna si\u0119, gdy zimuj\u0105ce oospory kie\u0142kuj\u0105, tworz\u0105c sporangia wiosn\u0105, gdy pogoda staje si\u0119 ciep\u0142a. Sporangia s\u0105 produkowane w nocy, poniewa\u017c \u015bwiat\u0142o s\u0142oneczne hamuje sporulacj\u0119. Grubo\u015bcienne oospory pomagaj\u0105 patogenowi przetrwa\u0107 trudne warunki zimowe i zainicjowa\u0107 pierwotn\u0105 infekcj\u0119. Sporangia s\u0105 rozpraszane przez deszcz lub wiatr i uwalniaj\u0105 zoospory w wolnej wodzie. Do skutecznej infekcji niezb\u0119dna jest odpowiednio d\u0142uga wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci lub opady deszczu.<\/p><p>Wt\u00f3rna infekcja jest mo\u017cliwa tylko w obecno\u015bci dojrza\u0142ych plam olejowych i nast\u0119puje przez zoospory i sporangia. Zoospory i sporangia s\u0105 bardzo wra\u017cliwe na nisk\u0105 wilgotno\u015b\u0107 i \u015bwiat\u0142o, co skraca ich \u017cywotno\u015b\u0107, co oznacza, \u017ce wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 infekcji nast\u0119puje wkr\u00f3tce po uwolnieniu. Zoospory wnikaj\u0105 do tkanek ro\u015blinnych przez rurki zarodnikowe i rozwijaj\u0105 strz\u0119pki w celu dalszej infekcji. Strz\u0119pki te tworz\u0105 oleiste zmiany po okresie inkubacji, kt\u00f3ry waha si\u0119 od 5 do 21 dni w zale\u017cno\u015bci od temperatury - im ni\u017csza temperatura, tym d\u0142u\u017cej to trwa.<\/p><p>Gdy pogoda ponownie staje si\u0119 zimna, co jest niekorzystne dla patogenu, przestawia si\u0119 on na produkcj\u0119 p\u0142ciow\u0105, wytwarzaj\u0105c oospory. Oospory te pozostaj\u0105 u\u015bpione podczas zimy, a cykl si\u0119 powtarza.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62203\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62203 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms.png 640w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mildew-symptoms-16x12.png 16w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 640px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 640\/480;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/www.agric.wa.gov.au\/table-grapes\/downy-mildew-grapevines<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Na g\u00f3rnej powierzchni li\u015bci pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 ma\u0142e \u017c\u00f3\u0142te zmiany, czasami otoczone br\u0105zowaw\u0105 aureol\u0105. Plamy olejowe rozszerzaj\u0105 si\u0119 i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 w miar\u0119 dojrzewania, a aureole zanikaj\u0105. Sporangia wytwarzaj\u0105 p\u00f3\u017aniej bia\u0142\u0105, bawe\u0142nian\u0105 ple\u015b\u0144 na spodniej stronie zmian, po czym nast\u0119puje nekroza. Oleistobr\u0105zowe obszary pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c na p\u0119dach, \u0142odygach i jagodach. W ciep\u0142e, wilgotne noce mog\u0105 one pokry\u0107 si\u0119 bia\u0142ym puchem w wyniku zarodnikowania. Silna infekcja powoduje przedwczesne opadanie owoc\u00f3w.<\/p><h3>Modele FieldClimate<\/h3><ul><li>W FieldClimate dost\u0119pne s\u0105 dwa modele - infekcji pierwotnej i wt\u00f3rnej.<\/li><li>Pierwszy wykres przedstawia czas inkubacji po zako\u0144czeniu infekcji. Dolne wykresy przedstawiaj\u0105 post\u0119p infekcji dla s\u0142abego, umiarkowanego i ci\u0119\u017ckiego poziomu nasilenia. Infekcj\u0119 nale\u017cy za\u0142o\u017cy\u0107, gdy rosn\u0105ca krzywa na wykresie osi\u0105gnie 100% - opryskiwanie mo\u017cna rozwa\u017cy\u0107, je\u015bli wykazany zostanie powa\u017cny poziom infekcji.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Zaka\u017cenie pierwotne<\/strong><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62204 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1024x463.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1024x463.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-768x347.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-1536x694.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/primary-infection-downy.png 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/463;\" \/><\/p><p>Infekcja pierwotna sprawdza, czy pogoda jest odpowiednia do rozwoju zarodnik\u00f3w. Dzieje si\u0119 tak tak d\u0142ugo, jak li\u015bcie s\u0105 mokre lub wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna po deszczu nie spada poni\u017cej 70%. Sporangia mog\u0105 rozwin\u0105\u0107 si\u0119 w ci\u0105gu 16 do 24 godzin w zale\u017cno\u015bci od temperatury. Ci\u0105g\u0142y deszcz o wysoko\u015bci 5 mm jest interpretowany jako silny opad, kt\u00f3ry mo\u017ce rozprzestrzenia\u0107 zoospory.<\/p><p><strong>Wt\u00f3rna infekcja<\/strong><\/p><p><b><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62231 size-large aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1024x460.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"460\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1024x460.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-768x345.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-1536x690.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Secondary-Infection.png 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/460;\" \/><\/b><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p>Wt\u00f3rna infekcja sprawdza si\u0119, gdy temperatura jest wy\u017csza ni\u017c 12 \u00b0C, a wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna przekracza 95%. Szybko\u015b\u0107 produkcji sporangi\u00f3w wzrasta wraz ze wzrostem temperatury do 23 \u00b0C. Je\u015bli warunek ten utrzymuje si\u0119 przez skumulowan\u0105 temperatur\u0119 godzinow\u0105 powy\u017cej 50 \u00b0C, zak\u0142adamy, \u017ce sporulacja zosta\u0142a zako\u0144czona i w winnicy pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 nowe sporangia. Skumulowana temperatura 50\u00b0C odpowiada na przyk\u0142ad 4 godzinom z temperatur\u0105 13\u00b0C lub 3 godzinom z temperatur\u0105 17\u00b0C. Sporangia gin\u0105 szybko, gdy robi si\u0119 cieplej i bardziej sucho - gdy wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna spada poni\u017cej 50%, resetujemy j\u0105 do 0, a gdy temperatura przekracza 29 \u00b0C, nie mo\u017ce doj\u015b\u0107 do sporulacji.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Ash, G. (2000). M\u0105czniak rzekomy winogron. The Plant Health Instructor.<\/li><li>Gessler, C., Pertot, I., &amp; Perazzolli, M. (2011). Plasmopara viticola: przegl\u0105d wiedzy na temat m\u0105czniaka rzekomego winoro\u015bli i skutecznego zwalczania choroby. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50(1), 3-44.<\/li><li>Kennelly, M. M., Gadoury, D. M., Wilcox, W. F., Magarey, P. A., &amp; Seem, R. C. (2007). Primary infection, lesion productivity, and survival of sporangia in the grapevine downy mildildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola. Phytopathology, 97(4), 512-522.<\/li><li>Koledenkova, K., Esmaeel, Q., Jacquard, C., Nowak, J., Cl\u00e9ment, C., &amp; Ait Barka, E. (2022). Plasmopara viticola - czynnik sprawczy m\u0105czniaka rzekomego winoro\u015bli: od taksonomii do zarz\u0105dzania chorobami. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 889472.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b689e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b689e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b48a13\" data-id=\"5b48a13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d98b47 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d98b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9ae0e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c9ae0e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-99d66fc\" data-id=\"99d66fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f23d714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"f23d714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-powdery-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e1178c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e1178c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u0105czniak rzekomy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c5b554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c5b554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62209\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62209\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62209 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"590\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1.png 850w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-768x533.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/powdery-1-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 850px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 850\/590;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62209\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Pirrello, C., Mizzotti, C., Tomazetti, T. C., Colombo, M., Bettinelli, P., Prodorutti, D., ... &amp; Vezzulli, S. (2019). Pojawiaj\u0105ce si\u0119 Ascomycetes w uprawie winoro\u015bli: przegl\u0105d interdyscyplinarny. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 1394).<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Patogenem m\u0105czniaka prawdziwego winogron jest Uncinula necator. Istniej\u0105 dwa g\u0142\u00f3wne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a inokulum - zimuj\u0105ca grzybnia i askospory z cleistothecia - kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 mie\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cne znaczenie w zale\u017cno\u015bci od regionu.<\/p><p>Wiosn\u0105 grzybnia tworzy p\u0119dy flagowe. P\u0119dy flagowe to cz\u0119\u015bciowo lub ca\u0142kowicie pokryte ple\u015bni\u0105 p\u0119dy powsta\u0142e z ukrytych zainfekowanych p\u0105k\u00f3w. Poniewa\u017c wewn\u0105trz tworz\u0105 si\u0119 kolonie, p\u0119dy te s\u0105 dobrze widoczne i cz\u0119sto maj\u0105 zdeformowane li\u015bcie.<\/p><p>Cleistothecia uwalnia askospory wczesn\u0105 wiosn\u0105. Opady deszczu odgrywaj\u0105 wa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 w uwalnianiu askospor. Wraz ze wzrostem temperatury dehiscencja wyst\u0119puje cz\u0119\u015bciej. Askospory kie\u0142kuj\u0105 w ci\u0105gu 12 godzin, tworz\u0105c rurki zarodnikowe i appressorium na tkankach ro\u015blinnych, co prowadzi do tworzenia rozproszonych kolonii.<\/p><p>Wt\u00f3rna infekcja nast\u0119puje poprzez konidia wytwarzane w koloniach. Podobnie jak askospory, kie\u0142kuj\u0105 one i rozwijaj\u0105 rurki zarodnikowe oraz appressorium. U. necator nie potrzebuje wolnej wody do infekcji ani wysokiej wilgotno\u015bci wzgl\u0119dnej do tworzenia konidi\u00f3w. Gdy warunki pogodowe staj\u0105 si\u0119 mniej korzystne, grzyb tworzy cleistothecia. Zimuje, prze\u017cywaj\u0105c w cleistothecia lub jako wegetatywna grzybnia w u\u015bpionych zainfekowanych p\u0105kach i cykl si\u0119 powtarza.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62210\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62210\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62210 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery.png 640w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Symptoms-powdery-16x12.png 16w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 640px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 640\/480;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62210\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/agric.wa.gov.au\/n\/2449<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Objawy mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 na wszystkich zielonych cz\u0119\u015bciach winoro\u015bli. P\u0119dy rozwijaj\u0105 kolonie i pokrywaj\u0105 si\u0119 bia\u0142o-szaraw\u0105 grzybni\u0105, znan\u0105 jako \"p\u0119dy flagowe\". Wytwarzaj\u0105 one zniekszta\u0142cone li\u015bcie. Kolonie m\u0105czniaka wyst\u0119puj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c na li\u015bciach - na dolnej lub obu stronach. Na jagodach pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 popielatoszare plamy, a w ci\u0119\u017ckich przypadkach dochodzi do ich p\u0119kania. Na p\u0119dach pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 ciemnoczerwono-br\u0105zowe plamy i mog\u0105 one zamiera\u0107 od ko\u0144c\u00f3w.<\/p><h3>Modele FieldClimate<\/h3><p><strong>Zaka\u017cenie askosporami<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62211 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1024x435.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"435\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1024x435.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-1536x652.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ascospore-Infection.png 1553w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/435;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p>Model ten jest zalecany, gdy askospory powstaj\u0105 podczas mro\u017anej zimy (a wi\u0119c nie s\u0105 infekowane przez grzybni\u0119). Infekcja askosporami przewiduje uwalnianie askospor\u00f3w i pocz\u0105tkow\u0105 infekcj\u0119 w oparciu o \u015brednie temperatury podczas wyd\u0142u\u017conych okres\u00f3w wilgotno\u015bci li\u015bci. Do oblicze\u0144 wymagane jest oko\u0142o 2,5 mm opad\u00f3w deszczu, aby uwolni\u0107 askospory, a nast\u0119pnie co najmniej 8 do 12 godzin wilgotno\u015bci li\u015bci i temperatury od 10 do 15\u00b0C. Po wyst\u0105pieniu infekcji model przechodzi do fazy oceny ryzyka choroby (kalifornijski model ryzyka) i opiera si\u0119 na wp\u0142ywie temperatury na tempo reprodukcji patogenu.<\/p><p><strong>Kalifornijski model ryzyka<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62212 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1024x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"231\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1024x231.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-768x173.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-1536x346.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model-18x4.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Californian-Risk-Model.png 1557w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/231;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><\/ul><p>Model ten opiera si\u0119 na badaniach laboratoryjnych przeprowadzonych w Kalifornii. Po uwolnieniu askospor i wykie\u0142kowaniu (model), p\u00f3\u017aniejszy rozw\u00f3j i rozmna\u017canie m\u0105czniaka prawdziwego zale\u017cy od temperatury. Ocenia on temperatury i ryzyko rozwoju m\u0105czniaka prawdziwego za pomoc\u0105 indeksu od 0 do 100 punkt\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Trzy dni z rz\u0119du z co najmniej sze\u015bcioma kolejnymi godzinami temperatury mi\u0119dzy 21 a 30'c s\u0105 wymagane do zainicjowania wska\u017anika oceny ryzyka. Zyskuje on 20 punkt\u00f3w za ka\u017cdy dzie\u0144, w kt\u00f3rym wyst\u0119puje 6 lub wi\u0119cej kolejnych godzin z temperatur\u0105 mi\u0119dzy 21 a 32\u00b0C i traci 10 punkt\u00f3w za te, kt\u00f3re tego nie robi\u0105 lub gdy temperatura przekracza 32\u00b0C lub spada poni\u017cej 21\u00b0C.<\/p><p>Niskie warto\u015bci indeksu 0~30 wskazuj\u0105, \u017ce patogen nie rozmna\u017ca si\u0119. Indeks 40~50 jest uwa\u017cany za umiarkowany i oznacza, \u017ce m\u0105czniak prawdziwy rozmna\u017ca si\u0119 w ci\u0105gu oko\u0142o 15 dni. Warto\u015bci indeksu powy\u017cej 60 wskazuj\u0105, \u017ce patogen rozmna\u017ca si\u0119 szybko (co 5 dni), a ryzyko epidemii choroby jest du\u017ce.<\/p><p><strong>Model ryzyka Pessl Instruments<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-62213 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1024x233.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"233\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1024x233.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-768x175.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-1536x350.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model-18x4.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pessl-model.png 1555w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/233;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><\/ul><p>Opr\u00f3cz temperatury powietrza, wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci mo\u017ce by\u0107 czynnikiem przewodnim, poniewa\u017c d\u0142ugie okresy wilgotno\u015bci li\u015bci prowadz\u0105 do zasiedlenia antagonistycznego grzyba (Ampelomyces quisqualis), co prowadzi do zmniejszenia liczebno\u015bci U. necator. Podstawy modelu s\u0105 r\u00f3wnowa\u017cne z kalifornijskim modelem ryzyka, ale w tym modelu uwzgl\u0119dniono r\u00f3wnie\u017c wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci. Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci d\u0142u\u017csza ni\u017c 8 godzin prowadzi do spadku o 10 punkt\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Niskie warto\u015bci indeksu 0~20 wskazuj\u0105, \u017ce patogen nie rozmna\u017ca si\u0119. Indeks 20~60 jest uwa\u017cany za umiarkowany i obowi\u0105zuje normalny interwa\u0142 opryskiwania. Warto\u015bci indeksu powy\u017cej 60 wskazuj\u0105, \u017ce patogen rozmna\u017ca si\u0119 szybko (co 5 dni), a ryzyko epidemii choroby jest du\u017ce, dlatego zaleca si\u0119 skr\u00f3cenie odst\u0119p\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy opryskami.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Gadoury, D. M., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1990). Ascocarp dehiscence and ascospore discharge in Uncinula necator. Phytopathology, 80(4), 393-401.<\/li><li>Gadoury, D. M., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1990). Germination of ascospores and infection of Vitis by Uncinula necator. Phytopathology, 80(11), 1198-1203.<\/li><li>Hall, T. W. (2000). Epidemiologia m\u0105czniaka prawdziwego winogron, Uncinula necator, w dolinie Willamette.<\/li><li>Halleen, F., &amp; Holz, G. (2001). An Overview of the Biology, Epidemiology and Control of Uncinula Necator (Powdery Mildew) on Grapevine, with Ref Ere Nee to South Africa. South african journal of Enology and Viticulture, 22(2), 111-121.<\/li><li>R\u00fcgner, A., Rumbolz, J., Huber, B., Bleyer, G., Gisi, U., Kassemeyer, H. H., &amp; Guggenheim, R. (2002). Tworzenie zimuj\u0105cych struktur Uncinula necator i kolonizacja winoro\u015bli w warunkach polowych. Plant pathology, 51(3), 322-330.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a360749 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a360749\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ee364\" data-id=\"52ee364\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f3cfdd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1f3cfdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf80a32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf80a32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-186ec52\" data-id=\"186ec52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9d3a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"cc9d3a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-black-rot\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b369f2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b369f2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Czarna zgnilizna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06c792f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06c792f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62174\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62174 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"583\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen.png 850w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Black-rot-pathogen-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 850px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 850\/583;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Szab\u00f3 et al<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Czarna zgnilizna winoro\u015bli jest wywo\u0142ywana przez grzyba Guignardia bidwellii. Grzyb zimuje w r\u00f3\u017cnych cz\u0119\u015bciach winoro\u015bli i mo\u017ce przetrwa\u0107 ponad dwa lata w zmianach chorobowych zainfekowanych p\u0119d\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Wiosn\u0105 piknidia wytwarzaj\u0105 konidia (zarodniki bezp\u0142ciowe), a pseudothecia generuj\u0105 askospory (zarodniki p\u0142ciowe). Konidia s\u0105 zwykle rozprzestrzeniane na kr\u00f3tkie odleg\u0142o\u015bci, podczas gdy askospory mog\u0105 infekowa\u0107 na wi\u0119ksze odleg\u0142o\u015bci. Zarodniki te s\u0105 przenoszone przez wiatr i deszcz i infekuj\u0105 m\u0142ode tkanki podatnych \u017cywicieli, inicjuj\u0105c infekcje pierwotne. Konidia s\u0142u\u017c\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako inokulum wt\u00f3rne, przyczyniaj\u0105c si\u0119 do szybkiego i wielokrotnego rozprzestrzeniania si\u0119 choroby.<\/p><p>W sierpniu piknidia przekszta\u0142caj\u0105 si\u0119 w stadium zimuj\u0105ce, kt\u00f3re wytwarza pseudothecia, generuj\u0105ce askospory. Askospory te s\u0105 wa\u017cnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em infekcji pierwotnych nast\u0119pnej wiosny.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62176\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62176\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62176 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-250x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"300\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/brown-spots.jpg 600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 250px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 250\/300;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62176\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Ogr\u00f3d Botaniczny Missouri<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 czerwonawo-br\u0105zowe plamy, kt\u00f3re ostatecznie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119, cz\u0119sto otoczone ma\u0142ymi czarnymi kropkami, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 strukturami grzyba znanymi jako piknidia, kt\u00f3re wytwarzaj\u0105 konidia. M\u0142ode i szybko rosn\u0105ce li\u015bcie s\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lnie podatne na t\u0119 infekcj\u0119.<\/p><p>Infekcje owoc\u00f3w wyst\u0119puj\u0105 zwykle po opadni\u0119ciu kielicha, a wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 objaw\u00f3w pojawia si\u0119, gdy owoc jest od po\u0142owy do prawie pe\u0142nego rozmiaru. Pocz\u0105tkowo pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 ma\u0142e plamki otoczone br\u0105zowym pier\u015bcieniem, kt\u00f3re nast\u0119pnie powi\u0119kszaj\u0105 si\u0119 i ciemniej\u0105, ostatecznie pokrywaj\u0105c ca\u0142\u0105 jagod\u0119 w miar\u0119 rozwoju choroby. W ci\u0105gu kilku dni zainfekowane jagody mog\u0105 ulec mumifikacji, p\u0119kni\u0119ciu lub przedwczesnemu opadni\u0119ciu.<\/p><p>Ponadto pora\u017cane s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c inne cz\u0119\u015bci ro\u015blin, takie jak p\u0119dy, \u0142odygi i w\u0105sy. Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 owalne zmiany o barwie od fioletowej do czarnej, a na ich powierzchni rozrzucone s\u0105 piknidia.<\/p><h3>Model FieldClimate<\/h3><p><strong>Model czarnej zgnilizny w uprawie winoro\u015bli<\/strong><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62177 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1402\" height=\"794\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model.png 1402w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-1024x580.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-768x435.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Black-Rot-Model-18x10.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1402px) 100vw, 1402px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1402px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1402\/794;\" \/><\/p><p>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p>Model jest pierwotnie oparty na literaturze opublikowanej przez Spottsa, ale z modyfikacjami Daniela Molitora. Wprowadzono trzy klasy nasilenia (lekkie, umiarkowane i ci\u0119\u017ckie) podobne do modeli parcha jab\u0142oni. W ciep\u0142ych temperaturach okres zwil\u017cenia li\u015bci wynosz\u0105cy 8 godzin jest wystarczaj\u0105cy, aby sprzyja\u0107 infekcjom i zak\u0142ada si\u0119, \u017ce infekcja jest zako\u0144czona, gdy wykres osi\u0105gnie 100%.<br \/>Nasilenie infekcji zale\u017cy od czasu trwania optymalnej temperatury i okresu wilgotno\u015bci grzyba.  Infekcje spe\u0142niaj\u0105ce kryteria Spotts s\u0105 oceniane jako lekkie. Infekcje spe\u0142niaj\u0105ce kryteria Spott przez 150% i 200% s\u0105 oceniane odpowiednio jako umiarkowane i ci\u0119\u017ckie infekcje.<\/p><p>W zale\u017cno\u015bci od presji infekcyjnej, infekcje nale\u017cy pokry\u0107 zapobiegawczo lub zastosowa\u0107 oprysk leczniczy wkr\u00f3tce po infekcji. W umiarkowanym, p\u00f3\u0142suchym klimacie Mosel lub wi\u0119kszo\u015bci austriackich obszar\u00f3w uprawy winoro\u015bli, opryskiwanie po stwierdzeniu lekkiej infekcji nie by\u0142oby zalecane.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Wilcox, Wayne F. \"Czarna zgnilizna Guignardia bidwellii.\" Arkusz identyfikacji choroby nr 102GFSG-D4. 2003. Cornell. 24 Oct. 2010<\/li><li>http:\/\/www.nysipm.cornell.edu\/factsheets\/grapes\/diseases\/grape_br.pdf<\/li><li>Ellis, Michael A. \"Arkusz informacyjny dotycz\u0105cy rolnictwa i zasob\u00f3w naturalnych: Czarna zgnilizna winogron\". Departament Patologii Ro\u015blin. The University of Ohio State Extension. 2008<\/li><li>http:\/\/ohioline.osu.edu\/hyg-fact\/3000\/pdf\/HYG_3004_08.pdf<\/li><li>Molitor, D. (2009). Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Bek\u00e4mpfung der Schwarzf\u00e4ule (Guignardia bidwellii) an Weinreben. Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung der Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim.<\/li><li>Ries, S. M. (1999). Raporty o chorobach ro\u015blin: Black Rot of Grape. Integrated Pest Management at the Uni. of Illinois. http:\/\/ipm. illinois. edu\/diseases\/series700\/rpd703.<\/li><li>Spotts, R. A. (1977). Effect of leaf wetness duration and temperature on the infectivity of Guignardia bidwellii on grape leaves. Phytopathology, 67(11), 1378-1381.<\/li><li>Szab\u00f3, M., Csik\u00e1sz-Krizsics, A., Dula, T., Farkas, E., Roznik, D., Kozma, P., &amp; De\u00e1k, T. (2023). Czarna zgnilizna winogron (Guignardia bidwellii) - kompleksowy przegl\u0105d. Horticulturae, 9(2), 130.<\/li><li>http:\/\/extension.cropsciences.illinois.edu\/fruitveg\/pdfs\/771-BlackRotOfGrape.pdf<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.missouribotanicalgarden.org\/gardens-gardening\/your-garden\/help-for-the-home-gardener\/advice-tips-resources\/insects-pests-and-problems\/diseases\/fruit-spots\/black-rot-of-grapes<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d2d675 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d2d675\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-924f587\" data-id=\"924f587\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb3bc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ecb3bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c69b29f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c69b29f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0895013\" data-id=\"0895013\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766af37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"766af37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-berry-moths\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23ff1eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"23ff1eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">mole jagodowe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7f309c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7f309c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62181\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62181\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62181 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-300x248.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-768x636.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lobesia-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/497;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62181\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: EPPO<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><em><br \/>Lobesia botrana<\/em> Zazwyczaj przechodzi od dw\u00f3ch do trzech pokole\u0144 rocznie, w zale\u017cno\u015bci od regionu. Pierwsze pokolenie (maj i czerwiec) atakuje tylko kwiaty, wi\u0119c leczenie jest konieczne tylko wtedy, gdy populacja \u0107my jest szczeg\u00f3lnie wysoka. Drugie pokolenie (lipiec i sierpie\u0144) i trzecie pokolenie powoduj\u0105 najwi\u0119ksze szkody, przy czym trzecie pokolenie jest szczeg\u00f3lnie szkodliwe, poniewa\u017c zbiega si\u0119 w czasie z dojrzewaniem winogron. Czwarte pokolenie mo\u017ce wyst\u0105pi\u0107 w cieplejszym klimacie, ale leczenie nie jest zwykle wymagane, poniewa\u017c zbiega si\u0119 ze zbiorem winogron.<\/p><p>\u0106ma zimuje jako poczwarki w kokonach, a gdy wiosn\u0105 temperatura wzrasta, pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 osobniki doros\u0142e pierwszego pokolenia, przy czym samce zwykle pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 przed samicami. Lot pierwszego pokolenia rozpoczyna si\u0119 w pobli\u017cu p\u0119kania p\u0105k\u00f3w i trwa od 4 do 5 tygodni, podczas kt\u00f3rych dochodzi do god\u00f3w. Po jednym do dw\u00f3ch dni po kryciu samice sk\u0142adaj\u0105 od 80 do 160 jaj.<\/p><p>Jaja o \u015brednicy od 0,6 do 0,8 mm s\u0105 widoczne go\u0142ym okiem. Pocz\u0105tkowo kremowobia\u0142e, zmieniaj\u0105 kolor na \u017c\u00f3\u0142ty w miar\u0119 rozwoju zarodka, z czarnym kolorem g\u0142owy larwy. Jaja wyl\u0119gaj\u0105 si\u0119 po 66 stopniach Celsjusza (DDC), oko\u0142o 7 do 11 dni. Larwy oplataj\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci kwiatu, a ich rozw\u00f3j trwa od 20 do 30 dni. Nast\u0119pnie nast\u0119puje przepoczwarczenie, a doros\u0142e osobniki pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 6 do 14 dni p\u00f3\u017aniej.<\/p><p>\"Stopniodni\" oblicza si\u0119, mierz\u0105c, jak bardzo \u015brednia dzienna temperatura przekracza pewn\u0105 podstawow\u0105 temperatur\u0119 progow\u0105 wymagan\u0105 do rozwoju. Wraz ze wzrostem temperatury powy\u017cej warto\u015bci bazowej, stopniodni przybywa.<\/p><p>Doros\u0142e \u0107my maj\u0105 oko\u0142o 6 do 8 mm d\u0142ugo\u015bci i rozpi\u0119to\u015b\u0107 skrzyde\u0142 od 11 do 13 mm. Samice s\u0105 nieco wi\u0119ksze od samc\u00f3w, cho\u0107 obie maj\u0105 skrzyd\u0142a o podobnym mozaikowym wzorze.<\/p><p>Jaja drugiego i trzeciego pokolenia wykluwaj\u0105 si\u0119 szybciej, w ci\u0105gu 3 do 5 dni. Samice sk\u0142adaj\u0105 jaja pojedynczo na zacienionych jagodach, a po wykluciu larwy wchodz\u0105 do jag\u00f3d i wydr\u0105\u017caj\u0105 je. Jesieni\u0105 noce d\u0142u\u017csze ni\u017c 11 godzin wywo\u0142uj\u0105 diapauz\u0119, etap spoczynku, kt\u00f3ry pozwala poczwarkom lepiej tolerowa\u0107 zimno, umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105c im zimowanie.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><p>G\u0105sienice pierwszego pokolenia \u017ceruj\u0105 na kwiatostanach winoro\u015bli, wydr\u0105\u017caj\u0105c p\u0105ki kwiatowe i zwijaj\u0105c je w celu ochrony, co prowadzi do uszkodze\u0144 w obr\u0119bie klastra. W drugim pokoleniu larwy atakuj\u0105 rozwijaj\u0105ce si\u0119 jagody, tworz\u0105c punkty wej\u015bcia dla patogen\u00f3w grzybowych, takich jak <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>. To bezpo\u015brednie \u017cerowanie powoduje widoczne uszkodzenia, zwykle oznaczone ciemnymi plamami wok\u00f3\u0142 miejsc \u017cerowania. Trzecie pokolenie powoduje najwi\u0119ksze szkody, poniewa\u017c larwy penetruj\u0105 i \u017ceruj\u0105 na dojrzewaj\u0105cych jagodach.<\/p><p>Pozostaj\u0105 pomarszczone jagody i odchody larw. Strz\u0119py tkanki nask\u00f3rka jag\u00f3d pozostaj\u0105 lu\u017ano przymocowane do szypu\u0142ek, wraz z such\u0105, wydr\u0105\u017con\u0105 \"sk\u00f3rk\u0105\" jag\u00f3d.<\/p><h3>Model FieldClimate<\/h3><p><strong>Model \u0107my winogronowej<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62185 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"516\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model.png 1440w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-1024x367.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grapevine-Berry-Moth-Model-18x6.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1440px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1440\/516;\" \/><\/p><p>Potrzebny czujnik:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><\/ul><p>Model oblicza ryzyko na podstawie temperatury powietrza. Pierwszy wykres przedstawia okresy aktywno\u015bci lotnej ze sk\u0142adaniem jaj i dobr\u0105 aktywno\u015bci\u0105 sk\u0142adania jaj przez owada. Drugi wykres pokazuje, jakiego pokolenia nale\u017cy si\u0119 spodziewa\u0107 w danym okresie. Na trzecim wykresie wy\u015bwietlane s\u0105 dane klimatyczne, kt\u00f3re pokazuj\u0105 akumulacj\u0119 stopniodni (temperatury &gt; 8\u00b0C do 24\u00b0C na godzin\u0119 podzielone przez 24).<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Varela, L. G., Smith, R. J., Cooper, M. L., &amp; Hoenisch, R. W. (2010). Europejska \u0107ma winoro\u015bli, Lobesia botrana. Napa Valley vineyards. Pract. Winery Vineyard, 2010, 1-5.<\/li><li>https:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/invasive-and-exotic-pests\/european-grapevine-moth\/<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.ages.at\/en\/plant\/plant-health\/pests-from-a-to-z\/grape-berry-moth<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a12612 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a12612\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebeafd9\" data-id=\"ebeafd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-076ec6c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"076ec6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-76d8c92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"76d8c92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0cc7248\" data-id=\"0cc7248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0798a8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0798a8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77a908f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77a908f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szara ple\u015b\u0144<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc27c19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc27c19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62159\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62159\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62159 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"514\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-768x658.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grey-mould-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/514;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-pulses\/<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Patogenem szarej ple\u015bni w winoro\u015bli jest <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>.<\/p><p>Na epidemiologi\u0119 szarej ple\u015bni znacz\u0105cy wp\u0142yw maj\u0105 utajone infekcje zainicjowane przez infekcje kwiat\u00f3w. Zidentyfikowano r\u00f3\u017cne szlaki od kwiatu do owocu: Grzyb infekuje trzonek kwiatu i dociera do zal\u0105\u017cni, gdzie pozostaje utajony ze wzgl\u0119du na wcze\u015bniej utworzony mechanizm obronny ro\u015bliny. Infekcje przez pr\u0119ciki, p\u0142atki i dzia\u0142ki s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c krytyczne. B. cinerea mo\u017ce infekowa\u0107 pr\u0119ciki i systematycznie rosn\u0105\u0107 w kierunku pojemnika, rozprzestrzeniaj\u0105c si\u0119 na szypu\u0142k\u0119 i tkanki naczyniowe w jagodach. Inne \u015bcie\u017cki r\u00f3wnie\u017c obejmuj\u0105 saprofityczny wzrost patogenu.<\/p><p>Zimuj\u0105ce grzybnie lub sklerocja s\u0105 g\u0142\u00f3wnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em infekcji na wiosn\u0119. Konidia (bezp\u0142ciowe zarodniki) s\u0105 wytwarzane i rozpraszane przez wiatr i deszcz. Po wyl\u0105dowaniu konidia kie\u0142kuj\u0105, tworz\u0105c rurki zarodnikowe i appressoria, kt\u00f3re penetruj\u0105 i infekuj\u0105 ro\u015blin\u0119. Grzyb mo\u017ce pozostawa\u0107 w stanie utajonym do momentu dojrzewania owoc\u00f3w i wzrostu zawarto\u015bci cukru. Konidia generowane z pierwotnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 inokulum podlegaj\u0105 dobowemu cyklowi inicjacji, produkcji i rozprzestrzeniania.<\/p><p>Podczas gdy stadium p\u0142ciowe B. cinerea jest rzadko obserwowane, patogen staje si\u0119 bardziej aktywny w miar\u0119 dojrzewania jag\u00f3d. Zwi\u0119kszona zawarto\u015b\u0107 cukru w jagodach zwi\u0119ksza podatno\u015b\u0107 na infekcj\u0119. W ten sam spos\u00f3b, kwiaty s\u0105 bardzo podatne na infekcj\u0119, gdy starzej\u0105 si\u0119, a obfity py\u0142ek zwi\u0119ksza nasilenie infekcji.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_53009\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-53009\" style=\"width: 208px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-53009 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-208x300.png\" alt=\"Szara ple\u015b\u0144 na winogronach\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-8x12.png 8w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould.png 237w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 208px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 208\/300;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-53009\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-pulses\/<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Szara ple\u015b\u0144 infekuje przede wszystkim dojrza\u0142e jagody winogron, kt\u00f3re pocz\u0105tkowo wydaj\u0105 si\u0119 mi\u0119kkie i nasi\u0105kni\u0119te wod\u0105. Z czasem jagody staj\u0105 si\u0119 czerwonawo-br\u0105zowe i wysychaj\u0105. W sprzyjaj\u0105cych warunkach pokrywaj\u0105 si\u0119 szarymi masami grzybni i konidi\u00f3w. Zdrowe jagody mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c zosta\u0107 zainfekowane poprzez bezpo\u015bredni kontakt z chorymi.<\/p><p>Grzyb mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c powodowa\u0107 zaraz\u0119 kwiat\u00f3w, kt\u00f3ra mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do znacznych strat w plonach na pocz\u0105tku sezonu. Chocia\u017c infekcje li\u015bci s\u0105 rzadkie, kiedy ju\u017c wyst\u0105pi\u0105, zaczynaj\u0105 si\u0119 jako matowe zielone plamy wzd\u0142u\u017c \u017cy\u0142, kt\u00f3re ostatecznie przekszta\u0142caj\u0105 si\u0119 w nekrotyczne zmiany.<\/p><h3>Model FieldClimate<\/h3><p><strong>Og\u00f3lny model szarej formy<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62160 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1452\" height=\"708\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model.png 1452w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-1024x499.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-768x374.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Grey-Mould-Model-18x9.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1452px) 100vw, 1452px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1452px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1452\/708;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><\/ul><p><em>B. cinerea<\/em> jest zwi\u0105zany z wilgotnym klimatem. Grzyb wymaga wysokiej wilgotno\u015bci wzgl\u0119dnej lub obecno\u015bci wolnej wody do infekcji. Ciep\u0142e okresy z wyd\u0142u\u017conym okresem wilgotno\u015bci li\u015bci b\u0119d\u0105 prowadzi\u0107 do zwi\u0119kszonego ryzyka wyst\u0105pienia B. cinerea, podczas gdy okresy suche b\u0119d\u0105 je zmniejsza\u0107. Infekcja ma miejsce na m\u0142odych p\u0119dach podczas d\u0142ugich okres\u00f3w wilgotnych lub niszcz\u0105cych burz gradowych.<\/p><p>Model oblicza ryzyko w zakresie od 0 do 100%. Warto\u015b\u0107 ta wskazuje ci\u015bnienie <em>B. cinerea<\/em> w tym czasie - je\u015bli mamy warto\u015b\u0107 100%, oznacza to, \u017ce kilkakrotnie wyst\u0105pi\u0142 okres wilgotno\u015bci wystarczaj\u0105co d\u0142ugi, aby zainfekowa\u0107 podatn\u0105 tkank\u0119. Obliczamy tak zwane \"mokre punkty\" mi\u0119dzy wilgotno\u015bci\u0105 li\u015bci a temperatur\u0105 z maksimum pocz\u0105tkowo 38400 punkt\u00f3w (pocz\u0105tek sezonu, kt\u00f3ry wykazuje ryzyko 30%). Po tym okresie, ka\u017cdy mokry okres z oko\u0142o 4000 mokrych punkt\u00f3w zwi\u0119ksza ryzyko o 10%, lub z drugiej strony, ka\u017cdy suchy okres zmniejsza ryzyko o \u2155 poprzedniej warto\u015bci.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Broome, J. C., English, J. T., Marois, J. J., Latorre, B. A., &amp; Aviles, J. C. (1995). Development of an infection model for Botrytis bunch rot of grapes based on wetness duration and temperature. Phytopathology, 85(1), 97-102.<\/li><li>Elmer, P. A., &amp; Michailides, T. J. (2007). Epidemiologia Botrytis cinerea w uprawach sadowniczych i winoro\u015bli. In Botrytis: biologia, patologia i kontrola (pp. 243-272). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.<\/li><li>Williamson, B., Tudzynski, B., Tudzynski, P., &amp; Van Kan, J. A. (2007). Botrytis cinerea: przyczyna choroby szarej ple\u015bni. Molecular plant pathology, 8(5), 561-580.<\/li><li>Ciliberti, N., Fermaud, M., Roudet, J., &amp; Rossi, V. (2015). Warunki \u015brodowiskowe wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na infekcj\u0119 Botrytis cinerea dojrza\u0142ych jag\u00f3d winogron bardziej ni\u017c szczep lub genotyp transpozonu. Phytopathology, 105(8), 1090-1096.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-089f3a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"089f3a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-09cec7f\" data-id=\"09cec7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ff096 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b0ff096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c545fa3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c545fa3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f0c9d8\" data-id=\"6f0c9d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"28276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"grapewine-anthracnose\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4871b21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4871b21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antraknoza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f22d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f22d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Patogen<\/strong><\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62164\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62164\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62164 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1024x982.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"671\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1024x982.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-768x736.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-1536x1473.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose-13x12.jpg 13w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Pathogen-anthracnose.jpg 1600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/671;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62164\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Zhi et al<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Antraknoza winoro\u015bli jest wywo\u0142ywana przez patogen <em>Elsinoe ampelina<\/em>.<\/p><p>Zainfekowane p\u0119dy s\u0105 g\u0142\u00f3wnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em choroby. Zgnilizna twardzikowa i grzybnia, kt\u00f3re przetrwa\u0142y w zmianach chorobowych i jagodach zim\u0105, staj\u0105 si\u0119 aktywne wiosn\u0105 i wytwarzaj\u0105 askospory (zarodniki p\u0142ciowe) i konidia (zarodniki bezp\u0142ciowe) w wilgotnych warunkach (deszcz lub rosa przez 24 godziny) w zakresie temperatur 2-40\u00b0C.<\/p><p>Zarodniki te s\u0105 rozpraszane do nowych tkanek przez deszcz i wiatr, a po wyl\u0105dowaniu kie\u0142kuj\u0105 i tworz\u0105 rurki zarodkowe i appressoria, inicjuj\u0105c now\u0105 infekcj\u0119. Mog\u0105 infekowa\u0107 nowe li\u015bcie, p\u0119dy, w\u0105sy i m\u0142ode jagody. Ciep\u0142a pogoda zmniejsza wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wymagan\u0105 do pocz\u0105tkowej infekcji i okresu inkubacji. Optymalne kie\u0142kowanie zarodnik\u00f3w nast\u0119puje w temperaturze 25~30\u00b0C, przy czym wymagane s\u0105 co najmniej 3~4 godziny zwil\u017cenia li\u015bci. W przypadku infekcji w temperaturze oko\u0142o 10\u00b0C okres inkubacji wynosi oko\u0142o 14 dni.<\/p><p>W miar\u0119 post\u0119pu kolonizacji pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 acerwulusy i wytwarzane s\u0105 nowe konidia, kt\u00f3re s\u0142u\u017c\u0105 jako inokulum wt\u00f3rnej infekcji. S\u0105 one odpowiedzialne za szybk\u0105 i dalsz\u0105 infekcj\u0119 w sezonie.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><p><em>E. ampelina<\/em> atakuje nadziemne, soczyste cz\u0119\u015bci winoro\u015bli, w tym p\u0119dy, li\u015bcie, ogonki li\u015bciowe, w\u0105sy czepne, krzywizny i jagody; zmiany na p\u0119dach i jagodach s\u0105 najbardziej powszechne. Winogrona maj\u0105 ontogeniczn\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na grzyby, wi\u0119c m\u0142ode tkanki s\u0105 bardziej podatne.<\/p><p>Na pocz\u0105tku pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 ma\u0142e czerwonawo-br\u0105zowe plamki, kt\u00f3re powi\u0119kszaj\u0105 si\u0119 w deszczow\u0105 pogod\u0119, staj\u0105c si\u0119 lekko zapadni\u0119te z szarym \u015brodkiem otoczonym ciemnym marginesem. Czasami objawy mog\u0105 przypomina\u0107 obra\u017cenia od gradu. Nekrotyczne centrum na li\u015bciach zwykle odpada, tworz\u0105c wygl\u0105d \"dziury po strzale\".<\/p><p>W przypadku silnej infekcji ro\u015bliny mog\u0105 wykazywa\u0107 wczesn\u0105 defoliacj\u0119, zahamowanie wzrostu trzciny, \u0142amanie \u0142odyg, opadanie jag\u00f3d oraz op\u00f3\u017aniony rozw\u00f3j i dojrzewanie jag\u00f3d.<\/p><h3>Model FieldClimate<\/h3><p><b>Model antraknozy w uprawie winoro\u015bli<\/b><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62165 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1363\" height=\"798\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1.png 1363w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-1024x600.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-1-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1363px) 100vw, 1363px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1363px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1363\/798;\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-62166 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1444\" height=\"460\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2.png 1444w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-1024x326.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-768x245.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Grape-anthracnose-2-18x6.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1444px) 100vw, 1444px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1444px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1444\/460;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p>Model oblicza ryzyko wyst\u0105pienia antraknozy, bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 temperatur\u0119 powietrza, wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105, wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci i opady.<\/p><p>Mo\u017cliwy rozw\u00f3j s\u0142abej, umiarkowanej i ci\u0119\u017ckiej infekcji przedstawiono na osobnych wykresach. Nale\u017cy przyj\u0105\u0107, \u017ce infekcja jest kompletna, gdy rosn\u0105ca krzywa osi\u0105ga 100%. Ostatni wykres przedstawia sporulacj\u0119 <em>E. ampelina<\/em>; je\u015bli warto\u015b\u0107 tam osi\u0105gnie 100%, zak\u0142ada si\u0119, \u017ce zarodniki <em>E. ampelina<\/em> s\u0105 obecne.<\/p><p>Aby zarodniki zimuj\u0105ce mog\u0142y si\u0119 rozwin\u0105\u0107, warunki powinny odpowiada\u0107 zakresowi temperatur od 2 do 40\u00b0C, wilgotno\u015bci wzgl\u0119dnej powy\u017cej 90% lub wilgotno\u015bci li\u015bci. Gdy rozw\u00f3j zarodnik\u00f3w osi\u0105gnie 100%, infekcja zaczyna by\u0107 obliczana. Nasilenie infekcji zale\u017cy od wilgotnych warunk\u00f3w (opady deszczu). Je\u015bli jednak wilgotno\u015b\u0107 spadnie poni\u017cej 50%, zar\u00f3wno rozw\u00f3j zarodnik\u00f3w, jak i infekcja przestaj\u0105 by\u0107 obliczane.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>Li, Z., Dos Santos, R. F., Gao, L., Chang, P., &amp; Wang, X. (2021). Aktualny stan i przysz\u0142e perspektywy antraknozy winoro\u015bli wywo\u0142ywanej przez Elsinoe ampelina: Wa\u017cna choroba w wilgotnych regionach uprawy winoro\u015bli. Molekularna patologia ro\u015blin, 22(8), 899-910<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0073a18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0073a18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dec96e2\" data-id=\"dec96e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9982c88 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9982c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-974e96b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"974e96b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bfd2ab4\" data-id=\"bfd2ab4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494bdcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"494bdcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"phomopsis\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3834cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3834cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PHOMOPSIS PLAMISTO\u015a\u0106 TRZCINY I LI\u015aCI<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da51ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da51ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Patogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62193\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62193\" style=\"width: 713px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62193 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-1024x718.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"500\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-1024x718.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-768x539.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Phomopsis.png 1031w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 713px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 713\/500;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62193\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Pscheidt i in.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>Plamisto\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci i trzciny Phomopsis u winoro\u015bli jest powodowana przez <em>Phomopsis viticola<\/em>.<\/p><p>Grzyb zimuje w zdrewnia\u0142ych cz\u0119\u015bciach winoro\u015bli i staje si\u0119 ponownie aktywny nast\u0119pnej wiosny. Gdy temperatura wzrasta i zaczynaj\u0105 si\u0119 wiosenne deszcze, z zimuj\u0105cych struktur zwanych piknidiami uwalniane s\u0105 zarodniki. Gdy zarodniki s\u0105 rozpraszane przez deszcz i wiatr na nowe tkanki, infekcja rozprzestrzenia si\u0119.<\/p><p>G\u0142\u00f3wny okres infekcji zwykle zbiega si\u0119 z wczesnymi wiosennymi deszczami, rozpoczynaj\u0105c si\u0119 wkr\u00f3tce po p\u0119kni\u0119ciu p\u0105k\u00f3w, gdy p\u0119dy wykazuj\u0105 wczesn\u0105 faz\u0119 wzrostu. M\u0142ode p\u0119dy, wierzcho\u0142ki p\u0119d\u00f3w, grona owocowe i rachis s\u0105 podatne na infekcje. Chocia\u017c wierzcho\u0142ki p\u0119d\u00f3w mog\u0105 zosta\u0107 zainfekowane przez ca\u0142y sezon wegetacyjny, infekcje s\u0105 najbardziej powszechne od p\u0119kni\u0119cia p\u0105k\u00f3w do kwitnienia. W owocach patogen mo\u017ce pozostawa\u0107 w stanie u\u015bpienia do momentu dojrzewania owoc\u00f3w. Okres inkubacji trwa zwykle oko\u0142o 3 do 4 tygodni.<\/p><h3>Symptomy<\/h3><p>Na li\u015bciach i ogonkach li\u015bciowych pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 ma\u0142e ciemne plamki z czarnymi \u015brodkami otoczonymi \u017c\u00f3\u0142tymi brzegami, kt\u00f3re ostatecznie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119. Li\u015bcie u podstawy mog\u0105 sta\u0107 si\u0119 zniekszta\u0142cone i pomarszczone i mog\u0105 nie rozwin\u0105\u0107 si\u0119 do pe\u0142nego rozmiaru. Gdy ogonki li\u015bciowe s\u0105 silnie zainfekowane, \u017c\u00f3\u0142kn\u0105 i odpadaj\u0105, co prowadzi do opadania li\u015bci. Li\u015bcie tworz\u0105 efekt parasola, kt\u00f3ry ogranicza dalsze infekcje przez zarodniki.<\/p><p>Podobne plamy pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 na p\u0119dach, powoduj\u0105c p\u0119kanie warstw nask\u00f3rka w miejscach infekcji. Gdy plamy \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119, zainfekowane obszary p\u0119d\u00f3w nabieraj\u0105 strupowatej tekstury. W ci\u0119\u017ckich przypadkach p\u0119dy mog\u0105 sta\u0107 si\u0119 kar\u0142owate, \u0142ama\u0107 si\u0119, a nawet obumiera\u0107.<\/p><p>Uszkodzenia na p\u0119dach powoduj\u0105 ich zapadanie si\u0119 i \u0142amliwo\u015b\u0107. Po okresie u\u015bpienia w lecie, grzyb reaktywuje si\u0119 wczesn\u0105 jesieni\u0105, prowadz\u0105c do gnicia jag\u00f3d i ki\u015bci. Chocia\u017c infekcje owoc\u00f3w nie s\u0105 na og\u00f3\u0142 rozleg\u0142e, na jagodach tworz\u0105 si\u0119 plamy, kt\u00f3rym cz\u0119sto towarzysz\u0105 czarne plamki (piknidia) na sk\u00f3rce jag\u00f3d. W wilgotnych warunkach \u017c\u00f3\u0142te masy zarodnik\u00f3w mog\u0105 wycieka\u0107 z piknidi\u00f3w, prowadz\u0105c do przebarwie\u0144 owoc\u00f3w, szorstkiej tekstury i mumifikacji.<\/p><p>Zainfekowane drewno wykazuje bielszy wygl\u0105d w okresie spoczynku. Silnie zainfekowane p\u0119dy i ostrogi wykazuj\u0105 ciemne przebarwienia zmieszane z bielonymi obszarami kory. Pycinidia mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c przebija\u0107 si\u0119 przez powierzchni\u0119. Niskie temperatury, wraz z upo\u015bledzon\u0105 funkcj\u0105 \u0142yka i ksylemu, os\u0142abiaj\u0105 i zabijaj\u0105 p\u0119dy, ostrogi i p\u0105ki.<\/p><h3>Model FieldClimate<\/h3><p><strong>Model infekcji Phomopsis w uprawie winoro\u015bli<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62194 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-1024x449.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"449\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-1024x449.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model.png 1381w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/449;\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62198 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-1024x320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-1024x320.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-300x94.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-768x240.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Viticulture-Phomopsis-Infection-Model-2.png 1458w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/320;\" \/><br \/>Potrzebne czujniki:<\/p><ul><li>Temperatura powietrza<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna<\/li><li>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 li\u015bci<\/li><li>Opady<\/li><\/ul><p>Model okre\u015bla ryzyko infekcji Phomopsis w zakresie temperatur od 5 do 35\u00b0C i wilgotnych warunkach (zwil\u017cenie li\u015bci, wysoka wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dna). Nasilenie infekcji zale\u017cy od ilo\u015bci deszczu (ponad 2 mm), poniewa\u017c zarodniki s\u0105 szybciej rozprzestrzeniane na zdrowy materia\u0142 ro\u015blinny. Wykazanie infekcji 100% wskazuje, \u017ce w terenie zmierzono optymalne warunki do infekcji tkanki ro\u015blinnej, a zatem nale\u017cy wzi\u0105\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 pomiary ochrony ro\u015blin.<\/p><h3>Literatura<\/h3><ul><li>https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/biosecurity\/plant-diseases\/grapevine-diseases\/phomopsis-cane-and-leaf-spot-of-grapevines<\/li><li>Bettiga, L. J. (red.). (2013). Grape pest management (Vol. 3343). UCANR Publications.<\/li><li>Pscheidt, J. W., &amp; Pearson, R. C. (1991). Phomopsis cane &amp; leaf spot.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c98355 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c98355\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1150ff\" data-id=\"d1150ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdbd3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"fdbd3aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8d19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8d19a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zalecane wyposa\u017cenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c698a54 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c698a54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9782e79\" data-id=\"9782e79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0fca1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d0fca1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Sprawd\u017a, jaki zestaw czujnik\u00f3w jest potrzebny do monitorowania potencjalnych chor\u00f3b tej uprawy.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-064d0f9\" data-id=\"064d0f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d3c26a elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0d3c26a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">POBRA\u0106 ARKUSZ KALKULACYJNY<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grapevine disease models GREY MOULD &#8211;Botrytis cinerea ANTHRACNOSE &#8211;Elsinoe ampelina GRAPEVINE BLACK ROT &#8211;Guignardia bidwellii GRAPEVINE BERRY MOTHS &#8211;Lobesia botrana PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT-Phomopsis viticola DOWNY MILDEW &#8211;Plasmopara viticola POWDERY MILDEW &#8211;Uncinula necator Recommended equipment Downy Mildew Pathogen The pathogen for Downy Mildew in grapes is Plasmopara viticola. It is an obligate parasite, meaning [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49542","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - grapevine - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/pl\/disease-models-grapevine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - grapevine - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Grapevine disease models GREY MOULD &#8211;Botrytis cinerea ANTHRACNOSE &#8211;Elsinoe ampelina GRAPEVINE BLACK ROT &#8211;Guignardia bidwellii GRAPEVINE BERRY MOTHS &#8211;Lobesia botrana PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT-Phomopsis viticola DOWNY MILDEW &#8211;Plasmopara viticola POWDERY MILDEW &#8211;Uncinula necator Recommended equipment Downy Mildew Pathogen The pathogen for Downy Mildew in grapes is Plasmopara viticola. 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