{"id":49766,"date":"2022-12-12T11:49:16","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T11:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49766"},"modified":"2023-06-21T08:02:58","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:02:58","slug":"disease-models-pulses","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/hu\/disease-models-pulses\/","title":{"rendered":"Betegs\u00e9gmodellek - impulzusok"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49766\" class=\"elementor elementor-49766\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34ca776 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34ca776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7751119\" data-id=\"7751119\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd9b013 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd9b013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49648\" alt=\"Betegs\u00e9gmodellek - impulzusok\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-pulses-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75cc48e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75cc48e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-795b059\" data-id=\"795b059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e39d92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e39d92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Impulzusok<\/b> betegs\u00e9gmodellek\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6cbbb12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6cbbb12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-595c64a\" data-id=\"595c64a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f45de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2f45de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#pulses-asochyta-blight\">ASOCHYTA<\/br>BLIGHT<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19d6b50\" data-id=\"19d6b50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19661f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19661f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#pulses-grey-mould\">SZ\u00dcRKE FORMA -<\/br><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f79885e\" data-id=\"f79885e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a2824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c9a2824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#pulses-sclerotiniarot\">SCLEROTINIA ROTHAD\u00c1S -<\/br><em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6018625 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6018625\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6c5b32\" data-id=\"d6c5b32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9e6a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9e6a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#pulses-tomcast\">TomCast<\/br>Alternaria<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7679d92\" data-id=\"7679d92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4aa513\" data-id=\"f4aa513\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-191ea8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"191ea8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f98a2a9\" data-id=\"f98a2a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54e6e0 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e54e6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Aj\u00e1nlott felszerel\u00e9s<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f671e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f671e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cf18d1\" data-id=\"5cf18d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bda76f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1bda76f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a724d50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a724d50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-09e4932\" data-id=\"09e4932\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f72692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3f72692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"pulses-asochyta-blight\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cafc41f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cafc41f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asochyta blight<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5139c94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5139c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>\u00c9letciklus<\/h3><p>A k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3 a fert\u0151z\u00f6tt n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi maradv\u00e1nyokon \u00e9s vet\u0151magokon telel \u00e1t. A fert\u0151z\u00f6tt vet\u0151mag fontos szerepet j\u00e1tszhat mind az Ascochyta Blight \u00faj ter\u00fcletekre val\u00f3 behurcol\u00e1s\u00e1ban, mind a betegs\u00e9g korai kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1ban, mivel a k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3 k\u00f6nnyen \u00e1tker\u00fcl a vet\u0151magr\u00f3l a pal\u00e1nt\u00e1kra. A n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi maradv\u00e1nyokon mind aszexu\u00e1lis sp\u00f3r\u00e1k (kon\u00eddiumok, amelyek es\u0151vel-fr\u00f6ccsen\u00e9ssel terjednek), mind ivaros sp\u00f3r\u00e1k (aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1k, amelyek sz\u00e9llel terjednek) keletkezhetnek. K\u00e9s\u0151 \u0151sszel \u00e9s kora tavasszal az ivaros szaporod\u00e1s sor\u00e1n pszeudot\u00e9ciumok keletkeznek, amelyek az aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1knak adnak otthont. A pszeudot\u00e9ciumok fejl\u0151d\u00e9se megfelel\u0151 nedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelt h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet (10 \u00b0C k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben) mellett 5-7 h\u00e9tig tart.<\/p><p>Tavasszal \u00e9s kora ny\u00e1ron az \u00e9rett pszeudot\u00e9ciumok a leveg\u0151be juttatj\u00e1k az aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1kat, amelyek t\u00f6bb m\u00e9rf\u00f6ldes t\u00e1vols\u00e1gra is eljuthatnak, hogy megfert\u0151zz\u00e9k a c\u00e9ln\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket. A leveg\u0151ben terjed\u0151 aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1kr\u00f3l felt\u00e9telezik, hogy tavasszal a fert\u0151z\u00e9s kezdeti forr\u00e1sa, b\u00e1r az es\u0151 \u00e1ltal sz\u00e9tpermetezett kon\u00eddiumok is szerepet j\u00e1tszhatnak. A sp\u00f3r\u00e1s fert\u0151z\u00e9s ut\u00e1n a t\u00fcnetek n\u00e9gy-hat napon bel\u00fcl kezdenek kialakulni. A korai elv\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok barn\u00e1sbarn\u00e1t\u00f3l a s\u00f6t\u00e9tbarn\u00e1ig terjed\u0151 sz\u00edn\u0171ek, s\u00f6t\u00e9tbarna szeg\u00e9llyel. H\u00e1rom-hat nappal az elv\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok kialakul\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n s\u00f6t\u00e9tbarna pikn\u00eddiumok fejl\u0151dnek.<\/p><p>A pikn\u00eddiumok gyakran koncentrikus gy\u0171r\u0171kbe rendez\u0151dnek, \u00e9s nem d\u00f6rzs\u00f6lik le a sz\u00f6vetszer\u0171 t\u00f6rmel\u00e9ket. A kon\u00eddiumok a pikn\u00eddiumokb\u00f3l ragacsos sp\u00f3rat\u00f6megben sziv\u00e1rognak ki, \u00e9s az es\u0151 \u00e1ltal az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi r\u00e9szekre sz\u00f3r\u00f3dnak, \u00faj fert\u0151z\u00e9seket okozva.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-49768 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight.jpg\" alt=\"Ascochyta Blight\" width=\"700\" height=\"571\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight-768x626.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Ascochyta-Blight-15x12.jpg 15w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/571;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>A veget\u00e1ci\u00f3s id\u0151szak alatt a k\u00e1rosod\u00e1sok t\u00f6bbs\u00e9ge a pikn\u00eddiumok \u00e9s kon\u00eddiumok gyors fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9b\u0151l sz\u00e1rmazik nedves k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. M\u00e9g kisebb es\u0151z\u00e9sek is elegend\u0151ek a kon\u00eddiumok \u00faj n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi sz\u00f6vetekbe val\u00f3 \u00e1tterjed\u00e9s\u00e9hez. Ez\u00e9rt nevezik policiklusos betegs\u00e9gnek, ami azt jelenti, hogy megfelel\u0151 nedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet (20-25\u00b0C) mellett a veget\u00e1ci\u00f3s id\u0151szak sor\u00e1n t\u00f6bb fert\u0151z\u00e9si ciklus is el\u0151fordulhat.<\/p><h3>Betegs\u00e9gmodell<\/h3><p>Modellezz\u00fck a pikn\u00eddiumok \u00e9s kon\u00eddiumok fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t a n\u00f6veked\u00e9si id\u0151szak alatt.<\/p><p>Az Ascochyta blight betegs\u00e9g fejl\u0151d\u00e9se 20-21 \u00b0C-os h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten (a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleti tartom\u00e1ny 4 \u00b0C \u00e9s 34 \u00b0C k\u00f6z\u00f6tt van) \u00e9s nedves k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt (magas relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom \u00e9s lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g) optim\u00e1lis.<\/p><p>A modellben a betegs\u00e9gciklus k\u00e9t l\u00e9p\u00e9se szerepel: 1. a sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3 (a pikn\u00eddiumok fejl\u0151d\u00e9se, a kon\u00eddiumok kibocs\u00e1t\u00e1sa), \u00edgy \u00faj fert\u0151z\u0151 egys\u00e9gek keletkeznek, \u00e9s 2. a kon\u00eddiumok tov\u00e1bbi fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9nek optim\u00e1lis felt\u00e9telei. Teh\u00e1t az \u00faj n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi sz\u00f6vetek fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9hez el\u0151sz\u00f6r a sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3 optim\u00e1lis felt\u00e9telei adottak (100%), majd ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en a fert\u0151z\u00e9si g\u00f6rbe el\u00e9rte az 100% \u00e9rt\u00e9ket.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-49769 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight.png\" alt=\"H\u00fcvelyesek Ascochyta Blight\" width=\"700\" height=\"323\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Pulses-Ascochyta-Blight-18x8.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/323;\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>Az optim\u00e1lis k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek (lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g, magas relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom \u00e9s 15\u00b0C k\u00f6r\u00fcli h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet hossz\u00fa id\u0151n kereszt\u00fcl) miatt a pikn\u00eddiumok sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t m\u00e1jus 13-\u00e1n 20:00 \u00f3rakor hat\u00e1rozt\u00e1k meg (k\u00e9k vonal, 100%). A felt\u00e9telek m\u00e9g mindig optim\u00e1lisak voltak a fert\u0151z\u00e9s el\u0151rehalad\u00e1s\u00e1nak megkezd\u00e9s\u00e9hez (piros vonal), \u00e9s a fert\u0151z\u00e9s optim\u00e1lis felt\u00e9teleit m\u00e1jus 14-\u00e9n reggel 8:00 \u00f3rakor hat\u00e1rozt\u00e1k meg (100% el\u00e9rte). Teh\u00e1t a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyv\u00e9delmi strat\u00e9gi\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en m\u00e1r a fert\u0151z\u00e9s bek\u00f6vetkez\u00e9se el\u0151tt figyelembe kellett volna venni a profilaktikus m\u00e9r\u00e9seket, vagy a gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00e9r\u00e9sek alkalmaz\u00e1sakor r\u00f6viddel a fert\u0151z\u00e9s meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n (100%).<\/p><p><em>Irodalom:<\/em><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/biosecurity\/plant-diseases\/grain-pulses-and-cereal-diseases\/ascochyta-blight-of-lentil#h2-1\">Jennifer Bogdan, PAg, CCA (2018) Ascochyta Blight in Chickpeas. 8 Saskatchewan Pulse Growers (Saskatchewani h\u00fcvelyes termeszt\u0151k)<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2aa3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2aa3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b4e357\" data-id=\"2b4e357\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b5fd4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"44b5fd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d8cd97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d8cd97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d837f84\" data-id=\"d837f84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b6221d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2b6221d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"pulses-grey-mould\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5819075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5819075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sz\u00fcrke pen\u00e9sz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3404328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3404328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0nekrotr\u00f3f gomba, amely sz\u00e1mos n\u00f6v\u00e9nyfajt megt\u00e1mad, b\u00e1r legjelent\u0151sebb gazdan\u00f6v\u00e9nye a sz\u0151l\u0151 lehet.<br \/>A sz\u0151l\u00e9szetben \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban botritiszes f\u00fcrtrothad\u00e1sk\u00e9nt ismert, a kert\u00e9szetben \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban sz\u00fcrkepen\u00e9sznek vagy sz\u00fcrkepen\u00e9sznek nevezik.<br \/>A gomba k\u00e9tf\u00e9le fert\u0151z\u00e9st okoz a sz\u0151l\u0151n. Az els\u0151, a sz\u00fcrkerothad\u00e1s, tart\u00f3san nedves vagy p\u00e1r\u00e1s k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt alakul ki, \u00e9s jellemz\u0151en a fert\u0151z\u00f6tt f\u00fcrt\u00f6k elveszt\u00e9s\u00e9t eredm\u00e9nyezi. A m\u00e1sodik, a nemes rothad\u00e1s, akkor jelentkezik, ha nedvesebb k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyeket sz\u00e1razabbak k\u00f6vetnek, \u00e9s jellegzetes \u00e9des desszertborokat eredm\u00e9nyezhet, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Sauternes vagy a tokaji asz\u00fa. A faj neve\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0a latin \"sz\u0151l\u0151, mint a hamu\" sz\u00f3b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik; b\u00e1r k\u00f6lt\u0151i, a \"sz\u0151l\u0151\" a gombasp\u00f3r\u00e1knak a kon\u00eddi\u00f3for\u00e1kon val\u00f3 csom\u00f3sod\u00e1s\u00e1ra utal, a \"hamu\" pedig csak a sp\u00f3rat\u00f6megek sz\u00fcrk\u00e9s sz\u00edn\u00e9re utal. A gomb\u00e1t \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban anamorf (aszexu\u00e1lis forma) n\u00e9ven szokt\u00e1k emlegetni, mivel az ivaros f\u00e1zis ritk\u00e1n figyelhet\u0151 meg. A teleomorf (ivaros forma) aszkomyc\u00e9ta,\u00a0<em>Botryotinia cinerea<\/em>.<\/p><h3>A B. cinerea biol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-49770 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Grape-Grey_mould.jpg\" alt=\"Sz\u0151l\u0151-sz\u00fcrke_pen\u00e9sz\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Grape-Grey_mould.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Grape-Grey_mould-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Grape-Grey_mould-768x658.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Grape-Grey_mould-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/600;\" \/><\/p><p>A gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6kben \u00e9s a sz\u0151l\u0151ben a vir\u00e1gfert\u0151z\u00e9s, amelyet lappang\u00e1si id\u0151 k\u00f6vet, nagy hat\u00e1ssal van a sz\u00fcrkepen\u00e9sz j\u00e1rv\u00e1nytan\u00e1ra. T\u00f6bbf\u00e9le vir\u00e1gt\u00f3l a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcsig tart\u00f3 fert\u0151z\u00e9si \u00fatvonal k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edthet\u0151 el. Sz\u0151l\u0151ben, kiviben \u00e9s m\u00e1ln\u00e1ban a petecsom\u00f3ba t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 fert\u0151z\u00e9st felt\u00e9telezik. Az ovuluszban a k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3 l\u00e1tens marad, ami a jelek szerint a gazdaszervezet el\u0151re kialak\u00edtott v\u00e9dekez\u00e9si strat\u00e9gi\u00e1j\u00e1nak eredm\u00e9nye (hasonl\u00f3an a fiatal sz\u0151l\u0151bogy\u00f3 resveratroltartalm\u00e1hoz). Sz\u0151l\u0151ben, kiviben \u00e9s eperben a porz\u00f3, szirom- vagy sep\u00e1lis leveleken kereszt\u00fcl t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 fert\u0151z\u00e9st tal\u00e1lt\u00e1k fontosnak. Sz\u0151l\u0151ben a vizsg\u00e1latok azt mutatt\u00e1k, hogy <em>B. cinerea<\/em> megfert\u0151zheti a porz\u00f3sz\u00e1lakat, \u00e9s a bazipet\u00e1lisan n\u00f6vekszik, hogy megfert\u0151zze a palackot, majd sziszt\u00e9m\u00e1san \u00e1tterjed a bogy\u00f3k sz\u00e1r\u00e1ra \u00e9s az \u00e9rz\u0151sz\u00f6vetekre.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53009 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould.png\" alt=\"Sz\u00fcrkepen\u00e9sz a sz\u0151l\u0151ben\" width=\"237\" height=\"342\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould.png 237w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Grey-mould-8x12.png 8w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 237px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 237\/342;\" \/><\/p><p>Egy 6 \u00e9ves kutat\u00e1si projekt a Cape t\u00e9rs\u00e9g\u00e9ben kimutatta, hogy a sz\u0151l\u0151bogy\u00f3k fert\u0151z\u0151dhetnek a sz\u00e1ron \u00e9s a lev\u00e9lny\u00e9l lencs\u00e9in kereszt\u00fcl, valamint a vessz\u0151 als\u00f3 r\u00e9sz\u00e9n. A ped\u00e1lfert\u0151z\u00e9s a vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s id\u0151szak\u00e1ban is lehets\u00e9ges. K\u00e9s\u0151bb ez a sz\u00f6vet n\u00f6veli az ellen\u00e1ll\u00f3k\u00e9pess\u00e9get a\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0fert\u0151z\u00e9sek.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s fert\u0151z\u00e9si utak a k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3 szaprofita szaporod\u00e1s\u00e1t felt\u00e9telezik a vir\u00e1gt\u00f6rmel\u00e9ken, \u00e9s a bogy\u00f3k k\u00e9s\u0151bbi fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9t, amikor a fog\u00e9konys\u00e1g az \u00e9r\u00e9ssel vagy a bogy\u00f3k rovar- vagy j\u00e9ges\u0151 okozta k\u00e1rosod\u00e1s\u00e1val n\u0151. Egy m\u00e1sik t\u00e9zis a kon\u00eddiumok ny\u00e1ri felhalmoz\u00f3d\u00e1s\u00e1t felt\u00e9telezi a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcsben, \u00e9s a fog\u00e9kony bogy\u00f3k fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9t a szezon k\u00e9s\u0151bbi szakasz\u00e1ban. Az \u00e9r\u0151 gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6k kon\u00eddiumfert\u0151z\u00e9se b\u00e1rmilyen inokulumforr\u00e1sb\u00f3l lehets\u00e9ges. Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg kis sz\u00e1m\u00fa l\u00e1tensen fert\u0151z\u00f6tt bogy\u00f3 k\u00e9pz\u0151dik, amelyek kiterjedt sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3t mutatnak, amikor a bogy\u00f3k fog\u00e9konys\u00e1ga az \u00e9r\u00e9ssel n\u00f6vekszik. Felt\u00e9telezhet\u0151, hogy a bogy\u00f3k 6% cukortartalomt\u00f3l kezdve v\u00e1lnak fog\u00e9konny\u00e1.<\/p><p>A kiwi gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6kn\u00e9l a szed\u00e9si k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyeknek nagy hat\u00e1sa van a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k el\u0151fordul\u00e1s\u00e1ra\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>. A nedves fel\u00fclettel szedett gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6k megfert\u0151z\u0151dhetnek a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kkel\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0a szed\u0151k ujjai \u00e1ltal okozott mikrosebekn\u00e9l.<\/p><p>A gyakorlati ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s sor\u00e1n\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0el kell k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edten\u00fcnk k\u00e9t fontos fert\u0151z\u00e9si id\u0151szakot: A vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s \u00e9s az \u00f6reged\u00e9s. 1) A vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s alatt vannak fog\u00e9kony fiatal term\u00e9sek, ahol a fert\u0151z\u00e9st latenciaid\u0151 k\u00f6veti. 2) M\u00edg az \u00e9rett (szeneszcens) gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6k fert\u0151z\u00e9se latenciaid\u0151 n\u00e9lk\u00fcl vezet t\u00fcnetekhez. A vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s alatti fert\u0151z\u00e9s jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a sz\u0151l\u0151ben szezononk\u00e9nt \u00e9s r\u00e9gi\u00f3nk\u00e9nt v\u00e1ltozhat. Azokon a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6k\u00f6n, amelyekn\u00e9l sz\u00e1molnunk kell n\u00e9mi eltarthat\u00f3s\u00e1gi id\u0151vel (csemegesz\u0151l\u0151, kivi vagy eper) a t\u00fcnetek akkor jelentkeznek, ha h\u0171t\u00f6tt k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt t\u00e1roljuk \u0151ket \u00fczletekben vagy rakt\u00e1rakban. A sz\u0151l\u0151 j\u00f3 ellen\u00e1ll\u00f3k\u00e9pess\u00e9get mutat\u00f3 sz\u0151l\u0151fajt\u00e1k k\u00e9miai v\u00e9dekez\u00e9se a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kkel szemben\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0a vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s alatt nem fog gazdas\u00e1gi eredm\u00e9nyt hozni. Ez\u00e9rt a fert\u0151z\u00e9s kock\u00e1zat\u00e1nak \u00e9s val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9g\u00e9nek minden k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9ny\u00e9t, a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs fog\u00e9konys\u00e1g\u00e1t \u00e9s eltarthat\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1t, a t\u00e1rol\u00e1si felt\u00e9teleket figyelembe kell venni a fert\u0151z\u00e9s elleni k\u00e9relemr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 d\u00f6nt\u00e9s meghozatalakor.\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0vir\u00e1gz\u00e1s alatt.<\/p><p>Csonth\u00e9jas gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6kben a fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0f\u0151k\u00e9nt vir\u00e1gz\u00e1skor fordul el\u0151. Ebben az id\u0151szakban a kezel\u00e9seket a\u00a0<em>Monilina spp.<\/em>\u00a0figyelembe veszik, amelyek szint\u00e9n megfert\u0151zik a\u00a0<em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0fert\u0151z\u00e9s.<\/p><h3>A modell <em>B. cinerea<\/em> \u00e9s gyakorlati felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s<\/h3><p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges \u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u0151k:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g, h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet, relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom<br \/><em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>\u00a0fakultat\u00edv parazita. Elhalt n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi anyagokon is megterem. Emiatt mindig jelen van a sz\u0151l\u0151kben \u00e9s gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6s\u00f6kben. A Botrytis cinerea a nedves \u00e9ghajlathoz k\u00f6t\u0151dik. A fert\u0151z\u00e9shez nagyon magas relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalomra vagy szabad v\u00edz jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9re van sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge (\u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u0151: lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g, relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom). A gomba nem k\u00e9pes sp\u00f3r\u00e1k \u00fatj\u00e1n megfert\u0151zni az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges kifejlett n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi anyagot. A fert\u0151z\u00e9s a sz\u0151l\u0151 fiatal hajt\u00e1sain hosszabb nedves id\u0151szakokban vagy a j\u00e9ges\u0151 \u00e1ltal k\u00e1ros\u00edtott hajt\u00e1sokon t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik.<br \/>A modell a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9st haszn\u00e1lja a lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g id\u0151tartama \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a fert\u0151z\u00e9s kock\u00e1zat\u00e1nak kisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-49771 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/leaf-wetness-duration_grey-mould_grape.jpg\" alt=\"lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9gtartam_sz\u00fcrkepen\u00e9sz_sz\u0151l\u0151\" width=\"500\" height=\"321\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/leaf-wetness-duration_grey-mould_grape.jpg 644w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/leaf-wetness-duration_grey-mould_grape-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/leaf-wetness-duration_grey-mould_grape-18x12.jpg 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/321;\" \/><\/p><p>A <em>Botrytis<\/em>\u00a0A kock\u00e1zati modell 0 \u00e9s 100% k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kock\u00e1zati \u00e9rt\u00e9ket eredm\u00e9nyez. Ez az \u00e9rt\u00e9k jelzi a nyom\u00e1st <em>B. cinerea<\/em> akkoriban. Ha 100% \u00e9rt\u00e9ket kapunk, ez azt jelenti, hogy t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r volt el\u00e9g hossz\u00fa nedves id\u0151szak ahhoz, hogy megfert\u0151zze a fog\u00e9kony sz\u00f6veteket (\u00fagynevezett \"nedves pontokat\" sz\u00e1molunk (a lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet k\u00f6z\u00f6tti t\u00f6mb, amelynek maximuma kezdetben 38400 pont (a szezon kezdete, amely 30% kock\u00e1zatot mutat). Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en minden egyes nedves id\u0151szak kb. 4000 nedves ponttal (t\u00f6mb) n\u00f6veli a kock\u00e1zatot 10%-vel, vagy m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt minden egyes sz\u00e1raz id\u0151szak cs\u00f6kkenti a kock\u00e1zatot az el\u0151z\u0151 \u00e9rt\u00e9k 1\/5-\u00e9vel. Egy alkalmaz\u00e1s a<br \/>A k\u00e9relem a\u00a0<em>B. cinerea<\/em>\u00a0a term\u00e9st\u0151l \u00e9s a termel\u00e9si c\u00e9lt\u00f3l f\u00fcgg.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-53010 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture.jpg\" alt=\"graph4-viticulture\" width=\"700\" height=\"295\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture.jpg 1671w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture-1024x432.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture-768x324.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture-1536x648.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph4-viticulture-18x8.jpg 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 700px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 700\/295;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5be5ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5be5ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c223c1b\" data-id=\"c223c1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e667efc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e667efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9080eeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9080eeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a42b223\" data-id=\"a42b223\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351cfa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"351cfa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"pulses-sclerotiniarot\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0276cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0276cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sclerotinia rothad\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6694514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6694514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sclerotinia rothad\u00e1s a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u00e9t \u00e9rinti, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a nem f\u00e1s fajokat. A szklerot\u00ednia rothad\u00e1st a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k okozz\u00e1k <em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>. A Sclerotinia-rothad\u00e1s a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek b\u00e1rmely termel\u00e9si f\u00e1zis\u00e1ban megfert\u0151zheti a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket, bele\u00e9rtve a pal\u00e1nt\u00e1kat, az \u00e9rett n\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket \u00e9s a betakar\u00edtott term\u00e9keket. Az \u00f6reged\u0151 vagy elhalt sz\u00f6vet\u0171 n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fog\u00e9konyak a fert\u0151z\u00e9sre.<\/p><h3>T\u00fcnetek<\/h3><p>A n\u00f6v\u00e9ny fert\u0151z\u00f6tt ter\u00fclete kezdetben s\u00f6t\u00e9tz\u00f6ld vagy barna, v\u00edzzel \u00e1titatott megjelen\u00e9s\u0171, majd halv\u00e1nyabb sz\u00edn\u0171v\u00e9 v\u00e1lhat. \u00c1ltal\u00e1ban s\u0171r\u0171, feh\u00e9r, pelyhes mic\u00e9lium alakul ki, a n\u00f6v\u00e9ny hervadni kezd, \u00e9s v\u00e9g\u00fcl elpusztul. A nyugv\u00f3 vagy t\u00fal\u00e9l\u0151 strukt\u00far\u00e1k (szkler\u00f3ciumok) k\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l az \u00e9rintett n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi r\u00e9szeken, bel\u00fclr\u0151l pedig a sz\u00e1rmagh\u00e1zakban keletkeznek. A szkler\u00f3ciumok kem\u00e9nyek, feket\u00e9k, szab\u00e1lytalan alak\u00faak, t\u00f6bbnyire 2-4 mm m\u00e9ret\u0171ek, \u00e9s a talajba be\u00e9p\u00fclve neh\u00e9z \u00e9szrevenni \u0151ket.<\/p><h3>Betegs\u00e9gforr\u00e1sok \u00e9s terjed\u00e9s<\/h3><p>Az \u00e9letciklus a\u00a0<em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>\u00a0mag\u00e1ban foglalja a talajban \u00e9s a leveg\u0151ben terjed\u0151 f\u00e1zist is. A szkler\u00f3ciumok\u00a0<em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>\u00a0a talajban t\u00edz \u00e9vig vagy m\u00e9g tov\u00e1bb is fennmaradhat. Cs\u00edr\u00e1zva kis t\u00f6lcs\u00e9r alak\u00fa term\u0151testeket (apot\u00e9ciumok) hoznak l\u00e9tre, amelyek \u00e1tm\u00e9r\u0151je k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 1 cm. Az apot\u00e9ciumok leveg\u0151ben terjed\u0151 sp\u00f3r\u00e1kat termelnek, amelyek fert\u0151z\u00e9st okozhatnak, ha a vir\u00e1gokon kereszt\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a leveleken cs\u00edr\u00e1zva egy fog\u00e9kony gazdan\u00f6v\u00e9nyre ker\u00fclnek. Alkalmank\u00e9nt a sz\u00e1ralapok fert\u0151z\u00e9se is el\u0151fordulhat, amikor a gombafonalak (mic\u00e9lium) k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a felsz\u00edn k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben l\u00e9v\u0151 szkler\u00f3ciumokb\u00f3l fejl\u0151dnek ki. A fert\u0151z\u00f6tt n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi sz\u00f6vetekben \u00faj szkler\u00f3ciumok fejl\u0151dnek, \u00e9s amikor a n\u00f6v\u00e9ny elpusztul, a talaj felsz\u00edn\u00e9n maradnak, vagy a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi talajm\u0171vel\u00e9s sor\u00e1n be\u00e9p\u00fclhetnek.<\/p><h3>A fert\u0151z\u00e9s felt\u00e9telei<\/h3><p>A t\u00e9li hideg id\u0151szakot k\u00f6vet\u0151en a talaj fels\u0151 5 cm-es r\u00e9teg\u00e9ben telel\u0151 szkler\u00f3ciumok tavaszt\u00f3l kezdve kics\u00edr\u00e1znak \u00e9s apot\u00e9ciumok keletkeznek, ha a talaj h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klete 10 \u00b0C vagy magasabb \u00e9s a talaj nedves. A szkler\u00f3ciumok nem cs\u00edr\u00e1znak sz\u00e1raz talajban vagy 25\u00b0C feletti talajh\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet eset\u00e9n. A talajba 5 cm m\u00e9lyen betemetett szkler\u00f3ciumok kisebb val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9ggel cs\u00edr\u00e1znak. Miut\u00e1n az apot\u00e9ciumok teljesen kialakultak, a sp\u00f3rakibocs\u00e1t\u00e1s vil\u00e1gosban vagy s\u00f6t\u00e9tben is t\u00f6rt\u00e9nhet, de a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet f\u00fcggv\u00e9nye, \u00edgy a tet\u0151z\u00e9s \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a d\u00e9li \u00f3r\u00e1k k\u00f6r\u00fcl k\u00f6vetkezik be. Az apot\u00e9ciumok 15-20 \u00b0C-on k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 20 napig is eltarthatnak, de 25 \u00b0C-on kevesebb mint 10 nap ut\u00e1n elsorvadnak. A vir\u00e1gos gy\u00f3gyn\u00f6v\u00e9nyek eset\u00e9ben a szirmokon \u00e9s porz\u00f3kon lesz\u00e1ll\u00f3 sp\u00f3r\u00e1k gyorsan cs\u00edr\u00e1znak (cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1s 3-6 \u00f3r\u00e1n bel\u00fcl, fert\u0151z\u00e9s 24 \u00f3r\u00e1n bel\u00fcl) optim\u00e1lis k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, 15-25\u00b0C-on, folyamatos lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s magas p\u00e1ratartalom mellett a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyen bel\u00fcl. A levelek \u00e9s sz\u00e1rak k\u00e9s\u0151bbi fert\u0151z\u00e9se a szirmok lehull\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9s a leveleken val\u00f3 megtapad\u00e1st\u00f3l f\u00fcgg. A fert\u0151z\u00e9s kock\u00e1zata megn\u0151, ha a levelek nedvesek, mert ilyenkor t\u00f6bb sziromlev\u00e9l tapad meg. A fert\u0151z\u00f6tt elhalt vagy el\u00f6reged\u0151 szirmok t\u00e1panyagot biztos\u00edtanak a gomba behatol\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a levelekbe \u00e9s a sz\u00e1rakba. A nem vir\u00e1gz\u00f3 f\u0171szern\u00f6v\u00e9nyek eset\u00e9ben a fert\u0151z\u00e9s els\u0151sorban a leveg\u0151ben terjed\u0151, k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a leveleken landol\u00f3 sp\u00f3r\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik. A sp\u00f3r\u00e1k t\u00f6bb h\u00e9tig is \u00e9letben maradhatnak a leveleken, am\u00edg a lev\u00e9lfert\u0151z\u00e9shez kedvez\u0151 felt\u00e9telek nem alakulnak ki. A sp\u00f3r\u00e1k cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1sa \u00e9s a fert\u0151z\u00e9s a leveleken l\u00e9v\u0151 t\u00e1panyagok jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9t\u0151l f\u00fcgg, amelyek vagy a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi sebekb\u0151l, vagy az el\u00f6reged\u0151 n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi anyagb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaznak. A vir\u00e1gos gy\u00f3gyn\u00f6v\u00e9nyek eset\u00e9ben a sp\u00f3r\u00e1k cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00e9s fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9nek optim\u00e1lis felt\u00e9telei 15-25 \u00b0C, folyamatos lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s magas p\u00e1ratartalom. Ha a n\u00f6v\u00e9ny egyszer m\u00e1r megfert\u0151z\u0151d\u00f6tt, a betegs\u00e9g gyors terjed\u00e9s\u00e9nek kedvez a meleg (15-20\u00b0C) \u00e9s nedves k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek a s\u0171r\u0171 n\u00f6v\u00e9ny\u00e1llom\u00e1nyban.<\/p><h3>Sclerotinia fert\u0151z\u00e9si modell<\/h3><p>A szkler\u00f3ciumok karpog\u00e9n cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1s\u00e1t a folyamatos talajnedvess\u00e9g serkenti. A talaj felsz\u00edn\u00e9n apot\u00e9ciumok k\u00e9pz\u0151dnek, amelyekb\u0151l aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1k szabadulnak fel a leveg\u0151be. A legt\u00f6bb n\u00f6v\u00e9nyfaj fert\u0151z\u00e9se els\u0151sorban az aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1kkal t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik, de az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges, \u00e9p n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi sz\u00f6vetek k\u00f6zvetlen fert\u0151z\u00e9se a cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00f3 aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1kb\u00f3l \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban nem fordul el\u0151. Ehelyett az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek lev\u00e9l- \u00e9s sz\u00e1rsz\u00f6vet\u00e9nek fert\u0151z\u00e9se csak akkor k\u00f6vetkezik be, ha a cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00f3 aszkosp\u00f3r\u00e1k a fert\u0151z\u00e9si strukt\u00far\u00e1k kialakul\u00e1sa \u00e9s a behatol\u00e1s el\u0151tt az elhalt vagy el\u00f6reged\u0151 sz\u00f6veteket, \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a vir\u00e1gr\u00e9szeket, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a lev\u00e1gott szirmokat koloniz\u00e1lj\u00e1k. A szkler\u00f3ciumok mikeliog\u00e9n cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1sa a talaj felsz\u00edn\u00e9n szint\u00e9n eredm\u00e9nyezheti az elhalt szerves anyagok koloniz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t, a szomsz\u00e9dos \u00e9l\u0151 n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek k\u00e9s\u0151bbi fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9vel. Egyes n\u00f6v\u00e9nyekben, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a napraforg\u00f3ban a szkler\u00f3ciumok mikeliog\u00e9n cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1sa azonban k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl elind\u00edthatja a gy\u00f6kerek \u00e9s az alapsz\u00e1r fert\u0151z\u00e9si folyamat\u00e1t, ami hervad\u00e1shoz vezet. A napraforg\u00f3ban a mikeliog\u00e9n cs\u00edr\u00e1z\u00e1s \u00e9s fert\u0151z\u00e9s kiv\u00e1lt\u00f3 oka nem ismert, de val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a gazdan\u00f6v\u00e9nyekt\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 t\u00e1pl\u00e1lkoz\u00e1si jelekt\u0151l f\u00fcgg a rizoszf\u00e9r\u00e1ban.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">A fert\u0151z\u00e9s folyamata<br \/><\/span>Az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges sz\u00f6vetek fert\u0151z\u00e9se az appresszorium kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg, amely a gazdaszervezet felsz\u00edn\u00e9t\u0151l f\u00fcgg\u0151en egyszer\u0171 vagy \u00f6sszetett szerkezet\u0171 lehet. A legt\u00f6bb esetben a behatol\u00e1s k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a kutikul\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik, nem pedig a szt\u00f3m\u00e1kon kereszt\u00fcl. Az appress\u00f3riumok a gazdaszervezet fel\u00fclet\u00e9n n\u00f6vekv\u0151 hif\u00e1k termin\u00e1lis, dichot\u00f3m el\u00e1gaz\u00e1saib\u00f3l fejl\u0151dnek ki, \u00e9s sz\u00e9les, t\u00f6bbszeptumos, r\u00f6vid hif\u00e1kb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3, a gazdaszervezet fel\u00fclet\u00e9re mer\u0151legesen t\u00e1jolt, ny\u00e1lk\u00e1val r\u00f6gz\u00edtett p\u00e1rn\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1llnak. Az \u00f6sszetett appress\u00f3riumokat gyakran nevezik fert\u0151z\u00e9si p\u00e1rn\u00e1nak. B\u00e1r a kor\u00e1bbi munk\u00e1sok a kutikula behatol\u00e1s\u00e1t tiszt\u00e1n mechanikus folyamatnak tekintett\u00e9k, az ultrarendszeri vizsg\u00e1latok alapj\u00e1n er\u0151s bizony\u00edt\u00e9k van arra, hogy a kutikula enzimatikus em\u00e9szt\u00e9se is szerepet j\u00e1tszik a behatol\u00e1si folyamatban. Keveset tudunk a\u00a0<em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>\u00a0cutin\u00e1zok, azonban a genom legal\u00e1bb n\u00e9gy cutin\u00e1zszer\u0171 enzimet k\u00f3dol (Hegedus nem publik\u00e1lt). \u00dagy t\u0171nik, hogy a behatol\u00e1s el\u0151tt az appresszorium cs\u00facs\u00e1n kialakul\u00f3 nagym\u00e9ret\u0171 vezikul\u00e1t a behatol\u00e1s sor\u00e1n a gazdaszervezet kutikul\u00e1j\u00e1ba szabad\u00edtj\u00e1k. A kutikul\u00e1ba val\u00f3 behatol\u00e1s ut\u00e1n egy szubkutikul\u00e1ris vezikulum k\u00e9pz\u0151dik, amelyb\u0151l nagym\u00e9ret\u0171 hif\u00e1k n\u0151nek ki, amelyek \u00e1tn\u00f6vik \u00e9s feloldj\u00e1k az epidermisz szubkutikul\u00e1ris fal\u00e1t.<\/p><p><strong><em>Fert\u0151z\u00e9s a j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyos sejtek enzimatikus lebont\u00e1s\u00e1val:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Az ox\u00e1lsav a sejtfalat lebont\u00f3 enzimekkel, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a poligalakturon\u00e1zzal (PG) egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dve a gazdasz\u00f6vet pusztul\u00e1s\u00e1t id\u00e9zi el\u0151 az\u00e1ltal, hogy olyan k\u00f6rnyezetet teremt, amely kedvez a PG t\u00e1mad\u00e1s\u00e1nak a k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 lamell\u00e1ban l\u00e9v\u0151 pektin ellen. Ez viszont alacsony molekulas\u00faly\u00fa sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e9kokat szabad\u00edt fel, amelyek tov\u00e1bbi PG-g\u00e9nek kifejez\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t induk\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos PG-aktivit\u00e1st val\u00f3ban a pektin vagy a pektinb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 monoszacharidok, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a galakturonsav induk\u00e1lj\u00e1k, \u00e9s gl\u00fck\u00f3z jelenl\u00e9te elnyomja. Az egyes Sspg g\u00e9nek expresszi\u00f3s mint\u00e1zat\u00e1nak vizsg\u00e1lata felt\u00e1rta, hogy a PG-k \u00e9s a gazdaszervezet k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nhat\u00e1s a fert\u0151z\u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 szakaszaiban finoman \u00f6sszehangolt. (Dwayne D. Hegedus *, S. Roger Rimmer: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Mikor ''legyen vagy ne legyen'' k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3? FEMS Microbiology Letters 251 (2005) 177-184)<\/p><p>A S. sclerotiorum fert\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e9ghajlati felt\u00e9teleinek keres\u00e9sekor figyelembe kell venni az apot\u00e9ciumok k\u00e9pz\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t, a sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3t, az apot\u00e9ciumok \u00e1ltali k\u00f6zvetlen fert\u0151z\u00e9st (m\u00e9g ha ez nem is t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik t\u00fal gyakran) \u00e9s a fert\u0151z\u00e9st a telep\u00edtett mic\u00e9liumokb\u00f3l a j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyos sejtek enzimatikus lebont\u00e1sa r\u00e9v\u00e9n.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Apotheciumok k\u00e9pz\u0151d\u00e9se \u00e9s sporul\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0akkor k\u00f6vetkezik be, ha a 8 mm-n\u00e9l nagyobb es\u0151 ut\u00e1n 20 \u00f3r\u00e1n\u00e1l hosszabb ideig tart\u00f3 magas relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom k\u00f6vetkezik, 21 \u00b0C \u00e9s 26 \u00b0C k\u00f6z\u00f6tti optim\u00e1lis h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">K\u00f6zvetlen fert\u0151z\u00e9s Apothecia \u00e1ltal<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a levelek nedvesed\u00e9se ut\u00e1n v\u00e1rhat\u00f3, amelyet 16 \u00f3r\u00e1n \u00e1t tart\u00f3, a 90%-n\u00e9l magasabb relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom k\u00f6vet az optim\u00e1lis 21\u00b0C-26\u00b0C k\u00f6z\u00f6tti h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten (\"appressori\u00e1lis fert\u0151z\u00e9s\"). M\u00edg a 80%-n\u00e9l valamivel alacsonyabb relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom mellett 24 \u00f3r\u00e1n \u00e1t tart\u00f3, 80%-n\u00e9l valamivel alacsonyabb relat\u00edv p\u00e1ratartalom mellett, optim\u00e1lis 21\u00b0C \u00e9s 26\u00b0C k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt az epidermikus sejtek enzimatikus lebont\u00e1s\u00e1val j\u00e1r\u00f3 szaprofita n\u00f6veked\u00e9s (\"hidrolitikus fert\u0151z\u00e9s\") v\u00e1rhat\u00f3.<\/p><p><em>Irodalom:<\/em><\/p><ul><li>Lumsden, R.D. (1976) A Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pektolitikus enzimei \u00e9s lokaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3juk a fert\u0151z\u00f6tt babon. Can. J. Bot. 54,2630-2641.<\/li><li>Tariq, V.N. \u00e9s Jeffries, P. (1984) Appresszoriumk\u00e9pz\u0151d\u00e9s a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum \u00e1ltal: p\u00e1szt\u00e1z\u00f3 elektronmikroszk\u00f3pia. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 82, 645-651.<\/li><li>Boyle, C. (1921) Tanulm\u00e1nyok a parazitizmus fiziol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l. VI. A Sclerotinia libertiana fert\u0151z\u00e9se. Ann. Bot. 35, 337-347.<\/li><li>Abawi, G.S., Polach, F.J. \u00e9s Molin, W.T. (1975) Infection of bean by ascospores of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathology 65, 673-678.<\/li><li>Tariq, V.N. \u00e9s Jeffries, P. (1986) Ultrastructure of penetration of Phaseolus spp. by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Bot. 64, 2909- 2915.<\/li><li>Marciano, P., Di Lenna, P. \u00e9s Magro, P. (1983) Ox\u00e1lsav, sejtfalbont\u00f3 enzimek \u00e9s pH a patogenezisben, valamint jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00fck k\u00e9t Sclerotinia sclerotiorum izol\u00e1tum virulenci\u00e1j\u00e1ban a napraforg\u00f3n. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 22, 339-345.<\/li><li>Fraissinet-Tachet, L. \u00e9s Fevre, M. (1996) A Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ppectinolitikus enzimtermel\u00e9s\u00e9nek galakturonsav \u00e1ltali szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sa. Curr. Microbiol. 33, 49-53.<\/li><\/ul><h3>A Sclerotinia modell gyakorlati alkalmaz\u00e1sa<\/h3><p>A feh\u00e9r l\u00e1b\u00fa fert\u0151z\u00e9s modellje azokat az id\u0151szakokat mutatja, amikor az apot\u00e9ciumok kialakul\u00e1sa v\u00e1rhat\u00f3. Ha ezek az id\u0151szakok egybeesnek a repcemag vagy a repce vir\u00e1gz\u00e1si id\u0151szak\u00e1val, akkor a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kre kell sz\u00e1m\u00edtanunk\u00a0<em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>\u00a0fert\u0151z\u00e9sek nedves id\u0151szakban. Az apot\u00e9ciumokban k\u00e9pz\u0151d\u00f6tt sp\u00f3r\u00e1k egyt\u0151l t\u00f6bb napig is rendelkez\u00e9sre \u00e1llhatnak. A fert\u0151z\u00e9sek lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t a fert\u0151z\u00e9s el\u0151rehalad\u00e1s\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sa jelzi a k\u00f6zvetlen vagy k\u00f6zvetett, appressz\u00f3riumok vagy enzimatikus sejtfallebont\u00e1s \u00fatj\u00e1n t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 fert\u0151z\u00e9sek eset\u00e9ben. Ha a fert\u0151z\u00e9s el\u0151rehalad\u00e1s\u00e1t jelz\u0151 vonal el\u00e9ri az 100% \u00e9rt\u00e9ket, akkor fert\u0151z\u00e9st kell felt\u00e9telezni. Ezeket a fert\u0151z\u00e9seket megel\u0151z\u0151en vagy gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1s\u00fa gomba\u00f6l\u0151 szerrel kell kezelni.\u00a0<em>S. sclerotiorum<\/em>\u00a0kell haszn\u00e1lni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9c9d3c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9c9d3c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ee0cc1\" data-id=\"7ee0cc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9e3cb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"be9e3cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b121f4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b121f4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c40eca\" data-id=\"8c40eca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b500f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"b500f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"pulses-tomcast\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4c0aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6c4c0aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TomCast Alternaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ccbabc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ccbabc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A TOMCAST (TOMato disease foreCASTing) egy sz\u00e1nt\u00f3f\u00f6ldi adatokon alapul\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes modell, amely megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lja megj\u00f3solni a gombabetegs\u00e9gek, nevezetesen a korai foltoss\u00e1g, a Septoria lev\u00e9lfoltoss\u00e1g \u00e9s az antrakn\u00f3zis kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1t a paradicsomon. A sz\u00e1nt\u00f3f\u00f6ld\u00f6n elhelyezett adatgy\u0171jt\u0151k \u00f3r\u00e1nk\u00e9nt r\u00f6gz\u00edtik a lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet adatait. Ezeket az adatokat 24 \u00f3r\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl elemezt\u00e9k, \u00e9s ezek alapj\u00e1n kialak\u00edthat\u00f3 a betegs\u00e9g s\u00falyoss\u00e1gi \u00e9rt\u00e9ke (DSV); l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben a betegs\u00e9g kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1nak n\u00f6veked\u00e9se. Ahogy a DSV \u00e9rt\u00e9kek felhalmoz\u00f3dnak, \u00fagy n\u00f6vekszik a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyre nehezed\u0151 betegs\u00e9gnyom\u00e1s. Ha a felhalmoz\u00f3dott DSV \u00e9rt\u00e9kek sz\u00e1ma meghaladja a permetez\u00e9si intervallumot, a betegs\u00e9gnyom\u00e1s enyh\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re gomba\u00f6l\u0151 szerek alkalmaz\u00e1sa javasolt.<\/p><p>A TOMCAST az eredeti F.A.S.T. (Forecasting Alternaria solani on Tomatoes) modellb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmazik, amelyet Dr. Madden, Pennypacker \u00e9s MacNab? fejlesztettek ki a Pennsylvania \u00c1llami Egyetemen (PSU). A PSU F.A.S.T. modellj\u00e9t Dr. Pitblado az Ontario \u00e1llambeli Ridgetown College-ban tov\u00e1bb m\u00f3dos\u00edtotta az Ohio State University Extension \u00e1ltal haszn\u00e1lt TOMCAST modell\u00e9.\u00a0<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">DSV: A betegs\u00e9g s\u00falyoss\u00e1gi \u00e9rt\u00e9ke (DSV)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a betegs\u00e9g (korai foltosod\u00e1s) fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9nek egy adott fokozata szerinti m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9g. M\u00e1s sz\u00f3val, a DSV egy sz\u00e1mszer\u0171 kifejez\u00e9se annak, hogy a betegs\u00e9g (korai foltoss\u00e1g) milyen gyorsan vagy lassan halmoz\u00f3dik fel egy paradicsom\u00fcltetv\u00e9nyen. A DSV-t k\u00e9t t\u00e9nyez\u0151 hat\u00e1rozza meg;<strong>\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">a lev\u00e9lnedvess\u00e9g \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet a \"lev\u00e9lnedves\" \u00f3r\u00e1k alatt<\/span><\/strong>. A lev\u00e9lnedves \u00f3r\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kletnek a n\u00f6veked\u00e9s\u00e9vel a DSV gyorsabban halmoz\u00f3dik fel. L\u00e1sd az al\u00e1bbi t\u00e1bl\u00e1zatot a betegs\u00e9g s\u00falyoss\u00e1gi \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9r\u0151l.<\/p><p>Ezzel szemben, amikor kevesebb a lev\u00e9lnedves \u00f3r\u00e1k sz\u00e1ma \u00e9s alacsonyabb a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet, a DSV lassan halmoz\u00f3dik fel, ha egy\u00e1ltal\u00e1n felhalmoz\u00f3dik. Ha a felhalmoz\u00f3dott DSV-k \u00f6sszl\u00e9tsz\u00e1ma meghalad egy el\u0151re meghat\u00e1rozott hat\u00e1r\u00e9rt\u00e9ket, amelyet permetez\u00e9si intervallumnak vagy k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00e9rt\u00e9knek neveznek, gomba\u00f6l\u0151 szeres permetez\u00e9s aj\u00e1nlott a lombozat \u00e9s a term\u00e9s v\u00e9delme \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a betegs\u00e9g kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A\u00a0<u>permetez\u00e9si id\u0151k\u00f6z<\/u>\u00a0A permetez\u00e9si id\u0151k\u00f6z (amely meghat\u00e1rozza, hogy mikor kell permetezni) 15-20 DSV k\u00f6z\u00f6tt lehet. A pontos DSV-\u00e9rt\u00e9ket, amelyet a termel\u0151nek haszn\u00e1lnia kell, \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a feldolgoz\u00f3 adja meg, \u00e9s az a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs min\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l \u00e9s a paradicsom v\u00e9gs\u0151 felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg. A 15 DSV permetez\u00e9si id\u0151k\u00f6z betart\u00e1sa a TOMCAST rendszer konzervat\u00edv haszn\u00e1lata, ami azt jelenti, hogy gyakrabban kell permeteznie, mint annak a termel\u0151nek, aki 19 DSV permetez\u00e9si id\u0151k\u00f6zzel permetez a TOMCAST rendszerrel. A kompromisszum a szezon sor\u00e1n alkalmazott permetez\u00e9sek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ban \u00e9s a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcsmin\u0151s\u00e9gben mutatkoz\u00f3 lehets\u00e9ges k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9gekben rejlik.<\/p><p>A Michigan Staate Egyetemen vizsg\u00e1latokat ind\u00edtottak a TomCast nev\u0171 betegs\u00e9g-el\u0151rejelz\u0151 rendszer tesztel\u00e9s\u00e9re a s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pa lombfoltoss\u00e1g\u00e1nak kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re. A TomCastot kereskedelmi forgalomban m\u00e1r haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k a paradicsomtermeszt\u00e9sben, \u00e9s nemr\u00e9giben adapt\u00e1lt\u00e1k a sp\u00e1rga betegs\u00e9gkezel\u00e9s\u00e9re. Az MSU Muck Soils Research Farmon a 'Early Gold' feldolgoz\u00f3 s\u00e1rgar\u00e9p\u00e1t prec\u00edzi\u00f3s v\u00e1kuumos vet\u0151g\u00e9ppel \u00fcltett\u00e9k el h\u00e1rom sorban, egym\u00e1st\u00f3l 18 h\u00fcvelyk t\u00e1vols\u00e1gra egy 50 l\u00e1b hossz\u00fa emelt \u00e1gy\u00e1son. A s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pa \u00e1gy\u00e1sok 64 h\u00fcvelykes sort\u00e1vols\u00e1ggal, a soron bel\u00fcli magt\u00e1vols\u00e1g pedig 1 h\u00fcvelyk volt. A k\u00eds\u00e9rlet mind a n\u00e9gy ism\u00e9tl\u00e9se 36 \u00e1gyb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pablokkokban helyezkedett el. Minden ism\u00e9tl\u00e9sben tizenh\u00e9t, 20 l\u00e1b hossz\u00fa kezel\u00e9si \u00e1gyat helyeztek el v\u00e9letlenszer\u0171en, sakkt\u00e1bl\u00e1s elrendez\u00e9sben. A kezel\u00e9seket egy CO2-s h\u00e1tizs\u00e1kos permetez\u0151g\u00e9ppel v\u00e9gezt\u00e9k, amelyet \u00fagy kalibr\u00e1ltak, hogy 8002-es lapos ventil\u00e1toros f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1kkal hekt\u00e1ronk\u00e9nt 50 gallon permetoldatot juttasson ki. A kezel\u00e9sek a Bravo Ultrex 82,5WDG (22,4 oz\/A) kezeletlen \u00e9s Quadris 2,08SC (6,2 fl oz\/A) v\u00e1ltakoz\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1lltak. A vegyszeres programot 10 napos napt\u00e1ri program szerint alkalmazt\u00e1k, valamint a TomCast betegs\u00e9g-el\u0151rejelz\u0151 program el\u0151rejelz\u00e9sei szerint. A gomba\u00f6l\u0151 szerek kijuttat\u00e1s\u00e1nak id\u0151z\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez h\u00e1rom k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151, 15, 20 \u00e9s 25 DSV k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00e9rt\u00e9ket haszn\u00e1ltak. Amikor az \u00f6sszes\u00edtett napi DSV-\u00e9rt\u00e9kek el\u00e9rt\u00e9k a meghat\u00e1rozott k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00e9rt\u00e9ket, permetez\u00e9st alkalmaztak. Minden kezel\u00e9si rendszert n\u00e9gy k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 betegs\u00e9gnyom\u00e1sszintn\u00e9l (0%, nyom, 5% \u00e9s 10% lombfoltoss\u00e1g) ind\u00edtottak el. Az els\u0151 kezel\u00e9sekre j\u00falius 2-\u00e1n ker\u00fclt sor, \u00e9s az utols\u00f3 kezel\u00e9sre szeptember 21-\u00e9n ker\u00fclt sor. A permetez\u00e9si blokkok minden egyes k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 sor\u00e1nak t\u00edz l\u00e1b\u00e1t az els\u0151 alkalmaz\u00e1s el\u0151tt megjel\u00f6lt\u00fck, \u00e9s ezeket haszn\u00e1ltuk a heti betegs\u00e9g\u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9sekhez (l\u00e1sd az al\u00e1bbi grafikonokat). A term\u00e9shozamokat ugyanezen t\u00edz l\u00e1bnyi sorszakaszb\u00f3l vett\u00fck le, a s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pa k\u00e9zi betakar\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1val, valamint a s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pa felszed\u00e9s\u00e9vel \u00e9s m\u00e9rlegel\u00e9s\u00e9vel.<\/p><p>Ez azt jelzi, hogy a\u00a0<u>a s\u00e1rgar\u00e9pa els\u0151 kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t akkor kell elv\u00e9gezni, amikor a sz\u00e1nt\u00f3f\u00f6ld\u00f6n a betegs\u00e9g els\u0151 el\u0151fordul\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9szlelj\u00fck.<\/u>\u00a0Mostant\u00f3l kezdve j\u00f3l m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00f6tt a TomCast modell haszn\u00e1lata egy\u00a0<u>20 DSV k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00e9rt\u00e9k<\/u>\u00a0az utols\u00f3 permetez\u00e9s \u00f3ta felhalmoz\u00f3dott.<\/p><p>A sz\u00e1nt\u00f3f\u00f6ldi kl\u00edma k\u00e9t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 modellben hat\u00e1rozza meg az Alternaria-fert\u0151z\u00e9s s\u00falyoss\u00e1g\u00e1t:<\/p><p><em>Forr\u00e1s: <\/em>Jim Jasinski, TOMCAST koordin\u00e1tor OHIO, INDIANA \u00e9s MICHIGAN tartom\u00e1nyban<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d954af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d954af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62033c4\" data-id=\"62033c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6134725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6134725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-417c928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"417c928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aj\u00e1nlott felszerel\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8d2de43 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8d2de43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0054c0b\" data-id=\"0054c0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43d0819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43d0819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Ellen\u0151rizze, hogy melyik \u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u0151k\u00e9szletre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g a n\u00f6v\u00e9ny potenci\u00e1lis betegs\u00e9geinek megfigyel\u00e9s\u00e9hez.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b63603e\" data-id=\"b63603e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd1d525 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"dd1d525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c1BL\u00c1ZAT LET\u00d6LT\u00c9SE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pulses disease models ASOCHYTABLIGHT GREY MOULD \u2013Botrytis cinerea SCLEROTINIA ROT \u2013S. sclerotiorum TomCastAlternaria Recommended equipment Asochyta blight Life Cycle The pathogen overwinters on infected crop residue and seed. Infected seed can play an important role in both the introduction of Ascochyta Blight into new areas, as well as in early disease development, as the pathogen [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49766","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - pulses - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.at\/ro\/disease-models-pulses\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - pulses - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pulses disease models ASOCHYTABLIGHT GREY MOULD \u2013Botrytis cinerea SCLEROTINIA ROT \u2013S. sclerotiorum TomCastAlternaria Recommended equipment Asochyta blight Life Cycle The pathogen overwinters on infected crop residue and seed. 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