{"id":49800,"date":"2022-12-12T13:11:30","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T13:11:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.metos.global\/?page_id=49800"},"modified":"2026-05-04T10:33:45","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T10:33:45","slug":"disease-models-strawberry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-strawberry\/","title":{"rendered":"Disease models &#8211; strawberry"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49800\" class=\"elementor elementor-49800\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92cddf0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92cddf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ee151e\" data-id=\"7ee151e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f91e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2f91e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49651\" alt=\"Disease Models - strawberry\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png 1920w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry-1024x187.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry-1536x280.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9bdda49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9bdda49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a331a1\" data-id=\"6a331a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919fbec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"919fbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Strawberry<\/b> disease models\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c2fc55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c2fc55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a62d9cc\" data-id=\"a62d9cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17d9575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17d9575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#Colletotrichum\">ANTHRACNOSE - <\/br><em>Colletotrichum acutatum<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db5ea6d\" data-id=\"db5ea6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c5f1b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c5f1b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#powdery-mildew\">POWDERY MILDEW \u2013<\/br><em>Podosphaera aphanis<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-001df9a\" data-id=\"001df9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-800a798 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"800a798\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5effcaa\" data-id=\"5effcaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7e2201 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d7e2201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#recommended-equipment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Recommended equipment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-24b8821 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"24b8821\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dcb40a0\" data-id=\"dcb40a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75462f1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"75462f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c998f41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c998f41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65375c3\" data-id=\"65375c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eaa232 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3eaa232\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Colletotrichum\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb7a40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5eb7a40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anthracnose<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95dca5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95dca5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Pathogen<\/h3><p>Anthracnose in strawberries, caused by <em>Colletotrichum acutatum<\/em>, manifests as black, sunken lesions on stems, runners, and fruits. This fungal disease affects all parts of the plant, including the crown, roots, petioles, and runners.<\/p><p>The disease can develop rapidly under favorable conditions with up to 90% of the fruit potentially infected within a week or less. Both immature and mature fruit are susceptible to infection, but the disease is most prevalent in ripening or fully mature fruit. Infected plants or plant debris can serve as sources of overwintering inoculum. In spring, spores and produced and dispersed by rain and wind over relatively short distances.<\/p><p>The pathogen enters the plant through an appressorium, which penetrates the cuticle and invades the epidermal cells. Initially, <em>C. acutatum<\/em> exists in a biotrophic phase and shifts to a necrotrophic phase, in which the fungus proliferates within the dead cells. As the disease progresses, the fungus forms acervuli structures beneath the epidermal cell walls. These acervuli mature and release conidia, which spread the disease more rapidly, especially under rain splash. Secondary conidia also serve as a significant inoculum source.<br \/>Symptoms<\/p><p>Symptoms first appear as wilting of the youngest leaves, which may temporarily recover but soon die. Irregular black spots emerge on leaves, especially at the tip of the leaflets.<\/p><p>The crown tissue then shows a reddish discoloration that eventually turns dark brown or black as the plant deteriorates. Infected crowns are often partially damaged, leading to stunted growth but not complete plant death. Typically, only one side of the crown becomes infected, rather than the entire crown.<\/p><p>Dark, elongated lesions form on the petioles and runner stems. The affected petioles and stems may become girdled by the lesions, causing the leaves or entire daughter plants to wilt and die.<\/p><p>Fruits can become infected at any stage of development, hardening and turning brown. Sunken, dark lesions develop on mature fruits, leading to mummification instead of ripening. The fruits may also appear to be covered in pink or salmon-colored masses of conidia.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Model<\/h3><p><strong>General Anthracnose Model<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-62239 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model-1024x338.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"338\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model-1024x338.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model-768x253.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/General-Anthracnose-Model.png 1426w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/338;\" \/><br \/>Sensors needed:<\/p><ul><li>Air temperature<\/li><li>Leaf wetness<\/li><\/ul><p><em>C. acutatum<\/em> infects plants at the temperature range from 15\u00b0C to 30\u00b0C, but a long-lasting leaf wetness period is needed. At optimum temperatures of 20\u00b0C to 25\u00b0C, a leaf wetness period of 12 hours is necessary. When the infection graph reaches 100%, optimal conditions are given in the field for an infection.<\/p><h3>Literature<\/h3><ul><li>Aljawasim, B. D., Samtani, J. B., &amp; Rahman, M. (2023). New Insights in the detection and management of anthracnose diseases in strawberries. Plants, 12(21), 3704.<\/li><li>Ellis, M. A., &amp; Erincik, O. (2008). Anthracnose of strawberry. The Ohio State University Extension.<\/li><li>Smith, B. J. (2008). Epidemiology and pathology of strawberry anthracnose: a North American perspective. HortScience, 43(1), 69-73.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ffaad0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ffaad0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10b5be0\" data-id=\"10b5be0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd397c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6fd397c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c92ae7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c92ae7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f3cb38\" data-id=\"4f3cb38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc44e07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"bc44e07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"powdery-mildew\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a97653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a97653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Powdery mildew<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248d77e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"248d77e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Pathogen<\/h3><figure id=\"attachment_62276\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62276\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62276 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Powdery-mildew-cherry.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"538\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Powdery-mildew-cherry.png 850w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Powdery-mildew-cherry-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Powdery-mildew-cherry-768x486.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Powdery-mildew-cherry-18x12.png 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 850px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 850\/538;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62276\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: XiaoLei et al<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>The pathogen for powdery mildew in strawberries is <em>Podosphaera aphanis<\/em>. It overwinters in two forms &#8211; mycelium and cleistothecia.<\/p><p>Overwintering mycelium becomes active in spring, producing conidiophores that release conidium (asexual reproductive spores) when mature. Conidia lands on a new tissue, germinates, and forms appressoria, specialized infection structures that penetrate plant cells. The process results in new colony formation.<\/p><p>Cleistothecia releases ascospores (sexual reproductive spores) from March to May. Ascospores also land on new tissues, germinate, and form new colonies.<\/p><p>Both mycelium and conidia serve as primary inoculum. Secondary infections mostly occur through conidia, which are dispersed by wind and spread rapidly.<\/p><p>When the environmental conditions become less favorable, the fungus shifts to sexual reproduction &#8211; cleistothecia formation &#8211; and the cycle repeats as the inoculums overwinter.<\/p><h3>Symptoms<\/h3><p>White powdery patches of mycelia and conidia appear on all aerial parts and coalesce, covering the entire surface. Young organs are more susceptible than older ones. Regarding leaves, the upperside exhibits greater powdery mildew than the underside. Severe infection causes reduced photosynthesis, defoliation, and fruit deformation. As the disease develops, the leaf curls upward, and purple to reddish blotches form on the leaf surfaces.<\/p><h3>FieldClimate Models<\/h3><p><strong>Broome modified Gubler Model<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-62244 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model-1024x398.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"398\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model-1024x398.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model-768x299.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Broome-modified-Gubler-Model.png 1339w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/398;\" \/><br \/>Sensors needed:<\/p><ul><li>Air temperature<\/li><\/ul><p>The model is based on the Gubler framework with modifications in high-temperature thresholds introduced by Broome. It calculates the risk with air temperature and the risk index ranges from 0 to 100. To trigger the index, three consecutive days with over 6 hours of temperatures between 21\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C are required.<\/p><p>The index increases by 20 points for each day that meets these conditions (a minimum of 6 hours at 21\u00b0C to 30\u00b0C). Conversely, if a day experiences less than 6 hours within this temperature range or if the temperature exceeds 35\u00b0C, the index decreases by 10 points.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_62245\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62245\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62245 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-1024x167.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"167\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-1024x167.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-300x49.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-768x125.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-1536x251.png 1536w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-18x3.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry.png 1563w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/167;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Broome et al<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><br \/>The original Gubler model established a threshold of 35\u00b0C for 0.35 hours, but Broome has introduced several detailed high-temperature thresholds. When specific temperatures (34\u00b0C, 36\u00b0C, and 38\u00b0C) are met for sufficient duration, points are subtracted. Additionally, the model accounts for the delay in fungal growth; any index gain on the following day is delayed by several days and five extra points are deducted for each delayed day.<\/p><p>An index below 30 indicates a reproductive rate of 15 days or less, while an index of 40~50 is considered normal, implying a reproductive rate of 8 to 11 days. An index over 60 indicates that the pathogen is reproducing every 5 days and shortening the spray interval would be recommended.<\/p><p><strong>Strawberry Powdery Mildew Model<\/strong><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-62246 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model-1024x297.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"297\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model-1024x297.png 1024w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model-300x87.png 300w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model-768x223.png 768w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model-18x5.png 18w, https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Strawberry-Powdery-Mildew-Model.png 1465w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/297;\" \/><\/p><p>Sensors needed:<\/p><ul><li>Air temperature<\/li><li>Relative humidity<\/li><li>Leaf wetness<\/li><\/ul><p>This model includes leaf wetness and relative humidity to another model. Air temperatures above 21\u00b0C and relative humidity above 66% increase the risk while lower temperatures, relative humidity, and leaf wetness decrease the risk.<\/p><p>The risk index below 60 indicates plant protection measures on a low level while the risk above 60 indicates an increased disease risk and spraying would be recommended. Disease risks of 100 for a longer period require an increase in application density.<\/p><h3>Literature<\/h3><ul><li>Broome, J. C., Hand, E. K., Backup, P., Janousek, C. N., &amp; Gubler, W. D. (2010, June). Revising the high temperature threshold for the Gubler-Thomas grape powdery mildew risk index. In PHYTOPATHOLOGY (Vol. 100, No. 6, pp. S17-S18). 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC.<\/li><li>Gadoury, D. M., Asalf, B., Heidenreich, M. C., Herrero, M. L., Welser, M. J., Seem, R. C., &#8230; &amp; Stensvand, A. (2010). Initiation, development, and survival of cleistothecia of Podosphaera aphanis and their role in the epidemiology of strawberry powdery mildew. Phytopathology, 100(3), 246-251.<\/li><li>Jin XiaoLei, J. X., Fitt, B. D. L., Hall, A. M., &amp; Huang YongJu, H. Y. (2013). The role of chasmothecia in the initiation of epidemics of powdery mildew (Podospheara aphanis) and the role of silicon in controlling the epidemics on strawberry.<\/li><li>Palmer, S. A. (2007). Strawberry powdery mildew: epidemiology and the effect of host nutrition on disease (Doctoral dissertation).<\/li><li>Aldrighetti, A., &amp; Pertot, I. (2023). Epidemiology and control of strawberry powdery mildew: a review. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 62(3), 427-453.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-576de36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"576de36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67ea309\" data-id=\"67ea309\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd2dbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"fd2dbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"recommended-equipment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63fa35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63fa35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommended equipment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bf5ff1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bf5ff1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6bf79b0\" data-id=\"6bf79b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efcb3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efcb3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Check which sensor set is needed for monitoring this crop&#8217;s potential diseases.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ac7711\" data-id=\"0ac7711\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-522ecf6 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"522ecf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Crop-solutions-document_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DOWNLOAD SPREADSHEET<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Strawberry disease models ANTHRACNOSE &#8211; Colletotrichum acutatum POWDERY MILDEW \u2013Podosphaera aphanis Recommended equipment Anthracnose Pathogen Anthracnose in strawberries, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, manifests as black, sunken lesions on stems, runners, and fruits. This fungal disease affects all parts of the plant, including the crown, roots, petioles, and runners. The disease can develop rapidly under favorable [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49800","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Disease models - strawberry - METOS by Pessl Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-strawberry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disease models - strawberry - METOS by Pessl Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Strawberry disease models ANTHRACNOSE &#8211; Colletotrichum acutatum POWDERY MILDEW \u2013Podosphaera aphanis Recommended equipment Anthracnose Pathogen Anthracnose in strawberries, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, manifests as black, sunken lesions on stems, runners, and fruits. 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This fungal disease affects all parts of the plant, including the crown, roots, petioles, and runners. The disease can develop rapidly under favorable [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/disease-models-strawberry\/","og_site_name":"METOS by Pessl Instruments","article_modified_time":"2026-05-04T10:33:45+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/","name":"Disease models - strawberry - METOS by Pessl Instruments","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png","datePublished":"2022-12-12T13:11:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-04T10:33:45+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Disease-Models-strawberry.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/metos.global\/disease-models-strawberry\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/metos.global\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Disease models &#8211; strawberry"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/","name":"METOS by Pessl Instruments","description":"Turning Information into profits since 1984.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"METOS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#organization","name":"METOS by Pessl Instruments","alternateName":"Pessl Instruments","url":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/metos.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cropped-METOS-by-Pessl-Instruments-white-PNG.png","width":2652,"height":795,"caption":"METOS by Pessl Instruments"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/metos.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49800","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49800"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49800\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120502,"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49800\/revisions\/120502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/metos.global\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}